Meningitis is a potentially fatal inflammation of the meninges, or membranes, covering the brain and spinal cord. The causative organisms, usually bacterial or viral, gain access to the cerebrospinal fluid and follow the space around vessels. The epidemic disease called cerebrospinal meningitis is caused by the meningococcus bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, a spherical organism that inhabits the nasopharynx of healthy human carriers but that sometimes infects the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The most common cause of bacterial meningitis, however, is haemophilus influenzae type B. Meningitis may result from head injuries and infections involving the eyes, ears, or nose; it can also be a complication of systemic disorders such as pneumonia and syphilis.
Transmission is by direct contact between people. The initial symptoms of meningitis are extreme headache, rapidly rising fever, stiffness of the neck, and extreme irritability and drowsiness. Further progression depends on the causative agents and the health of the host. The patient may experience deafness, muscle weakness in the face, and other sign of nerve paralysis.
Convulsions, mental retardation, and behavioral disturbances may also occur, and may remain in some cases. Many patients recover fully. Diagnosis is often made by lumbar puncture (spinal tap), whereby direct access is gained to the site of infection. Special stains and culture of the extracted fluid will often identify the specific organism so that proper therapy vaccine against. Haemophilus influenzae type B was licenced for use in 1985.
Showing posts with label Diseases. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Diseases. Show all posts
Saturday, October 14, 2017
Saturday, September 14, 2013
Beware 7 Asymptomatic Diseases
When symptoms appear, the condition may have deteriorated or have an advanced stage. 7 diseases should be aware of because often does not cause symptoms and do not realize.
1. Hypertension and High Cholesterol
Hypertension and high cholesterol are essentially not give any complaints for the sufferer. Ideally the normal blood pressure for adults is ≤ 120/80 mmHg, and called hypertension grade I when the tension ≥ 140/90 and grade II hypertension when blood pressure ≥ 160/100. Blood pressure exceeds 180/120 is also called hypertension crisis (dangerous).
But ironically, hypertension until ≥ 200/120 also sometimes does not give any symptoms! Or in most cases, people are just complaining mild dizziness and mild aches. Either know or not the actual impact hypertension has occurred when pressure ≥ 120/80; effect the damage will accumulate until many years later a new cause of heart and blood vessel disease. Especially for hypertensive crisis, the danger of stroke, heart disease, and blood vessel rupture can threaten at any time.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease
The main function of the kidneys is to filter the blood and remove the remains of metabolism in the urine. However, renal disease is not always marked by urine or urination problems. In my experience, only realized when disease symptoms are entered stage III or IV, and some even have direct dialysis (hemodialysis).
Called chronic kidney disease (chronic kidney disease / CKD) when kidney function has decreased progressively. It is feared these CKD patients on renal replacement action is (regular dialysis or a kidney transplant), when it is a terminal stage (stage V). CKD stage IV will not be returning to stage III or II again, and so on, so that the focus of therapy is to prevent further decline in renal function.
3. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
It should be admitted , the doctor is difficult to determine exactly when the disease actually begins. There is literature that says, if the HbA1C levels ≥ 6.5 (this is the benchmark rate of DM diagnosis) is already micro vascular damage in the retina of the eye due to high sugar levels (retinopathy).
Some patients initially complained of symptoms 3P: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (frequent thirst), and polyphagia (frequent hunger), and weight loss for no reason. It is a classic symptom of diabetes. Although it had appeared, the symptoms are often overlooked or not considered important. In fact, the complaint may open the door to early detection and proper DM .
4. Osteoporosis
Although we are familiar with this disease, but we do not know whether it is or not experience bone loss. Osteoporosis does not have any symptoms or complaints, patients often come already with pain due to broken bones (fractures) or the incidence of falls due to brittle bones. The highest rate of osteoporosis occurs in postmenopausal women, especially those with low weight.
The right way to detect early bone density is by examination (bone densitometry), or in the early cases can be done with radiological examinations.
5. Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD )
In medicine , male gender and age ≥ 45 years ( yet another plus factor ) is included as a risk factor for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . CHD usually appears as a left chest pain, such as reduced body weight, which sometimes spreads to the arms, lower jaw, and shoulders. That is, there is a blockage in the coronary arteries. But in fact, CHD can occur without any symptoms! Patients may suddenly fall lying unnoticed.
6. Transmitted infections (HIV and Hepatitis)
Many new patients are known to have contracted HIV after him many other secondary infections. As is known, HIV patients have low immunity so prone to infection. In other words, the HIV virus does not kill the patient directly, but through the secondary infections. HIV patients most likely to die of tuberculosis or hepatitis C.
Fortunately, testing for HIV and hepatitis have been routinely performed on healthy people, for example when applying for a job. In the laboratory results that demonstrate the value of positive HBsAg (hepatitis B markers) . He does not know from which source, and said he did not use intravenous drugs, free sex, or blood transfusions . And there is no health complaints for this; just pure lab results are problematic.
The majority of cases occur due to chronic hepatitis B infection through the placenta in the womb. For example, a pregnant woman with hepatitis B positive, the baby has a very big risk for hepatitis as well, but with the nature of chronic illness: there are no symptoms in the early years.
7. Hepatic cirrhosis (liver shrinkage)
Called cirrhosis of the liver, when normal cells are dead, replaced by fibrous fibers , shrinking its size, and cannot be recovered again . This condition is typically detected through ultrasound liver.
Patients usually have a history of liver disease that gradually and not treated until there was cirrhosis. Is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis are ignored because there are no symptoms.
1. Hypertension and High Cholesterol
Hypertension and high cholesterol are essentially not give any complaints for the sufferer. Ideally the normal blood pressure for adults is ≤ 120/80 mmHg, and called hypertension grade I when the tension ≥ 140/90 and grade II hypertension when blood pressure ≥ 160/100. Blood pressure exceeds 180/120 is also called hypertension crisis (dangerous).
But ironically, hypertension until ≥ 200/120 also sometimes does not give any symptoms! Or in most cases, people are just complaining mild dizziness and mild aches. Either know or not the actual impact hypertension has occurred when pressure ≥ 120/80; effect the damage will accumulate until many years later a new cause of heart and blood vessel disease. Especially for hypertensive crisis, the danger of stroke, heart disease, and blood vessel rupture can threaten at any time.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease
The main function of the kidneys is to filter the blood and remove the remains of metabolism in the urine. However, renal disease is not always marked by urine or urination problems. In my experience, only realized when disease symptoms are entered stage III or IV, and some even have direct dialysis (hemodialysis).
Called chronic kidney disease (chronic kidney disease / CKD) when kidney function has decreased progressively. It is feared these CKD patients on renal replacement action is (regular dialysis or a kidney transplant), when it is a terminal stage (stage V). CKD stage IV will not be returning to stage III or II again, and so on, so that the focus of therapy is to prevent further decline in renal function.
3. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
It should be admitted , the doctor is difficult to determine exactly when the disease actually begins. There is literature that says, if the HbA1C levels ≥ 6.5 (this is the benchmark rate of DM diagnosis) is already micro vascular damage in the retina of the eye due to high sugar levels (retinopathy).
Some patients initially complained of symptoms 3P: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (frequent thirst), and polyphagia (frequent hunger), and weight loss for no reason. It is a classic symptom of diabetes. Although it had appeared, the symptoms are often overlooked or not considered important. In fact, the complaint may open the door to early detection and proper DM .
4. Osteoporosis
Although we are familiar with this disease, but we do not know whether it is or not experience bone loss. Osteoporosis does not have any symptoms or complaints, patients often come already with pain due to broken bones (fractures) or the incidence of falls due to brittle bones. The highest rate of osteoporosis occurs in postmenopausal women, especially those with low weight.
The right way to detect early bone density is by examination (bone densitometry), or in the early cases can be done with radiological examinations.
5. Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD )
In medicine , male gender and age ≥ 45 years ( yet another plus factor ) is included as a risk factor for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . CHD usually appears as a left chest pain, such as reduced body weight, which sometimes spreads to the arms, lower jaw, and shoulders. That is, there is a blockage in the coronary arteries. But in fact, CHD can occur without any symptoms! Patients may suddenly fall lying unnoticed.
6. Transmitted infections (HIV and Hepatitis)
Many new patients are known to have contracted HIV after him many other secondary infections. As is known, HIV patients have low immunity so prone to infection. In other words, the HIV virus does not kill the patient directly, but through the secondary infections. HIV patients most likely to die of tuberculosis or hepatitis C.
Fortunately, testing for HIV and hepatitis have been routinely performed on healthy people, for example when applying for a job. In the laboratory results that demonstrate the value of positive HBsAg (hepatitis B markers) . He does not know from which source, and said he did not use intravenous drugs, free sex, or blood transfusions . And there is no health complaints for this; just pure lab results are problematic.
The majority of cases occur due to chronic hepatitis B infection through the placenta in the womb. For example, a pregnant woman with hepatitis B positive, the baby has a very big risk for hepatitis as well, but with the nature of chronic illness: there are no symptoms in the early years.
7. Hepatic cirrhosis (liver shrinkage)
Called cirrhosis of the liver, when normal cells are dead, replaced by fibrous fibers , shrinking its size, and cannot be recovered again . This condition is typically detected through ultrasound liver.
Patients usually have a history of liver disease that gradually and not treated until there was cirrhosis. Is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis are ignored because there are no symptoms.
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is caused by gonococcal bacteria. It usually starts in the lower urinary and genital areas in both men and women. If it's not treated, it can spread upward in the genital tract and cause sterility. It can also enter the blood stream and cause severe arthritis and endocarditis (an inflammation of the heart). Thus it's very potentially very serious. Happily, however, it's easily treated if it's caught early, through antibiotics such as penicilin.
If gonorrhea in a woman continued untreated, the symptoms may diminish. But the disease will continue unabated. The whole pelvis may eventually become inflamed. This syndrome is known as pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. Even after this inflammation dies down, chronic difficulties may continue, including extensive damage to the reproductive tract.
If a man does not receive prompt treatment, the infection spreads to the prostate gland and testicle. Here it can cause sufficient damage to produce sterility. In time the urethra can become narrowed, making it difficult for a man to urinate. If the infection is severe, men can also suffer arthritis as well as heart damage.
If gonorrhea in a woman continued untreated, the symptoms may diminish. But the disease will continue unabated. The whole pelvis may eventually become inflamed. This syndrome is known as pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID. Even after this inflammation dies down, chronic difficulties may continue, including extensive damage to the reproductive tract.
If a man does not receive prompt treatment, the infection spreads to the prostate gland and testicle. Here it can cause sufficient damage to produce sterility. In time the urethra can become narrowed, making it difficult for a man to urinate. If the infection is severe, men can also suffer arthritis as well as heart damage.
Thursday, December 25, 2008
Sinusitis
Sinusitis generally refers to inflammation of mucous membranes of the panasal sinuses, which are bone cavities located in the skull near the nose. They include the frontal sinuses, located above the orbits of the eyes; the maxillary sinuses, located in the cheekbones; and the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, located behind the nose. All of these sinuses drain mucus into the nose sults from an infection or an allergy. Infection is caused by the introduction of bacteria through interconnecting channels and is accompanied by pain and tenderness. Chronic sinusitis may be infective, allergic, or a combination of these forms.
Maxillary sinusitis often occurs after a cold or after swimming in contaminated water. Occasionally, extraction of a molar tooth will break the floor of the maxillary sinus, leaving an opening through which bacteria can enter and cause sinusitis. Frontal sinusitis usually is accompanied by localized headache, surface tenderness, and, occasionally, swelling of the eyelids. Sphenoid sinusitis often causes blurring of vision because of the proximity of this sinus the optic nerves.
The proximity of these sinuses to the brain makes all paranasal sinusitis potentially dangerous. The usual treatment is with antibiotics, although surgical procedures are sometimes necessary to facilitate drainage and relieve pressure.
Maxillary sinusitis often occurs after a cold or after swimming in contaminated water. Occasionally, extraction of a molar tooth will break the floor of the maxillary sinus, leaving an opening through which bacteria can enter and cause sinusitis. Frontal sinusitis usually is accompanied by localized headache, surface tenderness, and, occasionally, swelling of the eyelids. Sphenoid sinusitis often causes blurring of vision because of the proximity of this sinus the optic nerves.
The proximity of these sinuses to the brain makes all paranasal sinusitis potentially dangerous. The usual treatment is with antibiotics, although surgical procedures are sometimes necessary to facilitate drainage and relieve pressure.
Sunday, November 23, 2008
Goiter Disease
Goiter is the gloated of thyroid gland that can caused by many problem. Thyroid gland in a normal condition is not visible from outside, is the gland like H letter, located in front of neck below the throat (Adam’s apple). Thyroid gland is functioned to produce a thyroid hormone that is controlled the body metabolism, and control the body development and improvement in order be a normal conditions.
- There is a gloated on front of neck gradually, and forming bump ever bigger for longer.
- Normally is not feeling of sick.
- Hypothyroidism, is the conditions which the thyroid hormone production become lessen.
- Difficult to breath or swollen, because the goiter become bigger and press the throat and red lane in the neck.
- Thyrotocsicosis, but seldom happened.
- Thyroid cancer seldom happened.
- Cretin, happen in endemic area.
- Auto-immune, where the body is excrete antibody that attack of specific substance on that network. The true mechanism is not known exactly. This type goiter is only founded in women.
- Many drugs uses that are pressed the thyroid hormone production.
- Lessen of Iodium because of diet or from drink water. In certain area like in mountain, water source contains no Iodium, and 20% of its resident suffering of goiter. This condition is called as goiter endemic.
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Work with computer is a light physical work, more of brain and concentration work. For blogger always work with computer, and when work always need long time, sometime until 5 hours in the front of the computer. The problem can come to their eyes or to their hand especially palm. If you feel pain on your palm, may be because of wrong position on using mouse and keyboard.
Carpal tunnel syndrome can attack you, if you can’t change your style on how the way you work. If you are not work in the right way, and work for long time, actually not just your palm will feel pain but also your back, but carpal here is mean just attack of the palm.
Carpal tunnel syndrome can attack you, if you can’t change your style on how the way you work. If you are not work in the right way, and work for long time, actually not just your palm will feel pain but also your back, but carpal here is mean just attack of the palm.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) or median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. The diagnosis of CTS is often misapplied to patients that have activity-related arm pain.
Most cases of CTS are idiopathic (without known cause), genetic factors determine most of the risk, and the role of arm use and other environmental factors is disputed.
If you have this diseases, doctor will operate your palm and take all fat on your hand. This fat make blood circulation is not normal and feel sick on the palm.
The right way works with computer
Working with computer is not hard work but if you do with wrong way on and on, this can cause your hand injure. Work with computer often need long time and if do in wrong way so this condition make the blog circulation not work. Blood circulation is very important so there is no accumulation fat on your palm.
Working with computer is not hard work but if you do with wrong way on and on, this can cause your hand injure. Work with computer often need long time and if do in wrong way so this condition make the blog circulation not work. Blood circulation is very important so there is no accumulation fat on your palm.
Hand gymnastic to avoid the Carpal Syndrome.
To avoid of stress on your hand, you can try the tips for stretching of your palm muscle by these way. Doing this movement before and after work with computer, especially if you feel pain on your palm.
Friday, October 17, 2008
Scabies on Skin
Scabies skin disease that is caused by a tiny mite that has infested humans for at least 2,500 years ago. It is not hard to detect if you have seen the sign on the skin infected. The patient will feel itch on the skin and can spread vastly. The condition can strike anyone of any race or age, regardless of personal hygiene. The good news is that with better detection methods and treatments, scabies does not need to cause more than temporary distress.
The microscopic mite that causes scabies can barely be seen by the human eye. Being a tiny, eight-legged creature with a round body, the mite burrows in the skin. Within several weeks, the patient develops an allergic reaction causing severe itching; often intense enough to keep sufferers awake all night.
Human scabies is almost always caught from another person by close contact. It could be a child, a friend, or another family member. Everyone is susceptible. Scabies is not a condition only of low-income families and neglected children, although, it is more often seen in crowded living conditions with poor hygiene.
Attracted to warmth and odor, the female mite burrows into the skin, lays eggs, and produces toxins that cause allergic reactions. Larvae, or newly hatched mites, travel to the skin surface, lying in shallow pockets where they will develop into adult mites. If the mite is scratched off the skin, it can live in bedding for up to 24 hours or more. It may take up to a month before a person will notice the itching, especially in people with good hygiene and who bathe regularly.
Diagnosis:
Many cases of scabies can be diagnosed by your dermatologist without special tests. To confirm scabies your dermatologist can perform a painless test that involves applying a drop of oil to the suspected lesion. The site is then scraped and transferred to a glass slide, which is examined under a microscope. A diagnosis is made by finding scabies mites or their eggs.
Treatment:
The microscopic mite that causes scabies can barely be seen by the human eye. Being a tiny, eight-legged creature with a round body, the mite burrows in the skin. Within several weeks, the patient develops an allergic reaction causing severe itching; often intense enough to keep sufferers awake all night.Human scabies is almost always caught from another person by close contact. It could be a child, a friend, or another family member. Everyone is susceptible. Scabies is not a condition only of low-income families and neglected children, although, it is more often seen in crowded living conditions with poor hygiene.
Attracted to warmth and odor, the female mite burrows into the skin, lays eggs, and produces toxins that cause allergic reactions. Larvae, or newly hatched mites, travel to the skin surface, lying in shallow pockets where they will develop into adult mites. If the mite is scratched off the skin, it can live in bedding for up to 24 hours or more. It may take up to a month before a person will notice the itching, especially in people with good hygiene and who bathe regularly.
Diagnosis:
Many cases of scabies can be diagnosed by your dermatologist without special tests. To confirm scabies your dermatologist can perform a painless test that involves applying a drop of oil to the suspected lesion. The site is then scraped and transferred to a glass slide, which is examined under a microscope. A diagnosis is made by finding scabies mites or their eggs.Treatment:
- 5% permethrin cream is applied to the skin from the neck down at bedtime and washed off the next morning. Dermatologists recommend that the cream be applied to cool, dry skin over the entire body (including the palms of the hands, under finger nails, soles of the feet, and the groin) and left on for 8 to 14 hours. A second treatment one week later may be recommended. Side effect of 5% percent permethrin cream includes mild temporary burning and stinging. Lesions heal within four weeks after the treatment. If a patient continues to have trouble, reinfestation may be a problem requiring further evaluation by the dermatologist.
- 1% lindane lotion is applied from the neck down at night and washed off in the morning. It may be reapplied one week later. Lindane should not be used on infants, small children, pregnant or nursing women, or people with seizures or other neurological diseases, and has been banned in the state of
- 10% percent sulfur ointment and crotamiton cream may be used for infants.
- Ivermectin is an oral medicine which may be prescribed for the difficult to treat crusted form. It is not to be used in infants or pregnant women.
- Antihistamines may be prescribed to relieve itching, which can last for weeks, even after the mite is gone.
- Getting rid of the mites is critical in the treatment of scabies. Everyone in the family or group, whether itching or not, should be treated at the same time to stop the spread of scabies. This includes close friends, day care or school classmates, or nursing homes.
- Bedding on clothing must be washed or dry cleaned.
- See a dermatologist as soon as possible to begin treatment. Remember, although you may be disturbed at the thought of bugs, scabies is no reflection on your personal cleanliness.
- Treat all exposed individuals whether obviously infested or not. Incubation time is 6-8 weeks so symptoms may not show up for a while. If you do not treat everyone, it is as if you were never treated.
Monday, August 25, 2008
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis, or Weil's diseases, is an acute fever caused by a spiral bacteria, Leptospira (Spirocheae), communicated from animals to humans, commonly through skin contact with rat infested water or sewage. If often takes a fatal form characterized by jaundice and bleeding. Leptospira may also cause Meningitis. The treatment for human infect of this bacteria is by penicillin.
That is the definition of leptospirosis only, the real human that is infected by this bacteria can cause many trouble on body organization. This bacteria come from rat urine which infected by this bacteria. The rat itself get this diseases from the mite which is stay on the rat. After secrete together with urine this bacteria just can live for few minute on a dry place. But if these bacteria can stay in water can live for longer time, about 10 days.
In Jakarta these diseases ever spread after flood disaster, may many of the rats also become a victim and many of rats have leptospirosis. Diseases happened after the flood finished and people clean the dirt after flooding. If there is no wound in the human body, this bacteria won't infected, the problem is Indonesian people often clean dirty place without protective equipment, such as booth shoe or rubber shoe and other equipment. When their food or hand becomes wound then they are infected by these bacteria.
This diseases symptom is similar with flue disease, so often the doctor wrong diagnoses the diseases, if getting from flue doctor will not give them antibiotics. These diseases can cure with a simple medicine, just need penicillin antibiotics. But if doctor make wrong diagnose then the next problem will come. These bacteria will develop very fast in human body, in just 3 days these bacteria will attack kidney. If the kidney becomes broken, this can say too late. The blood will can not clean again, from this condition all the body will change the color to blue, because of the blood is like poisonous. If blood is poisoned then blood can't accept or process drug that inject to their body. Hepar also will attack by leptospirosis and finally these bacteria will attack Lung and Brain. This is the end of human life, this can happened just in two week after infected by this bacteria.
That is the definition of leptospirosis only, the real human that is infected by this bacteria can cause many trouble on body organization. This bacteria come from rat urine which infected by this bacteria. The rat itself get this diseases from the mite which is stay on the rat. After secrete together with urine this bacteria just can live for few minute on a dry place. But if these bacteria can stay in water can live for longer time, about 10 days.
In Jakarta these diseases ever spread after flood disaster, may many of the rats also become a victim and many of rats have leptospirosis. Diseases happened after the flood finished and people clean the dirt after flooding. If there is no wound in the human body, this bacteria won't infected, the problem is Indonesian people often clean dirty place without protective equipment, such as booth shoe or rubber shoe and other equipment. When their food or hand becomes wound then they are infected by these bacteria.
This diseases symptom is similar with flue disease, so often the doctor wrong diagnoses the diseases, if getting from flue doctor will not give them antibiotics. These diseases can cure with a simple medicine, just need penicillin antibiotics. But if doctor make wrong diagnose then the next problem will come. These bacteria will develop very fast in human body, in just 3 days these bacteria will attack kidney. If the kidney becomes broken, this can say too late. The blood will can not clean again, from this condition all the body will change the color to blue, because of the blood is like poisonous. If blood is poisoned then blood can't accept or process drug that inject to their body. Hepar also will attack by leptospirosis and finally these bacteria will attack Lung and Brain. This is the end of human life, this can happened just in two week after infected by this bacteria.
Tuesday, August 19, 2008
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is the term used for two different endocrine diseases, both of which are characterized by excessive urination and thirst. Diabetes Mellitus is a pancreatic disease affecting carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. In severe diabetes mellitus, the concentration in the blood of a sugar, glucose, is markedly elevated and large amounts of glucose are excreted in the urine. Diabetes insipidus is a condition associated with the inability of the kidney to conserve water. It is caused by a failure of a hypothalamus to release antidiuretic hormone. The discussion on this article is limited to Diabetes Mellitus which is a far more prevalent and important diseases than Diabetes Insipidus.
Type of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is doe to an inability of the Pancreas to secrete sufficient Insulin to maintain a normal blood-glucose concentration. Secondary diabetes results from damage to or removal of the pancreas. Primary diabetes, the most common type is probably caused by both environmental and genetic factors.
The insulin dependent from of primary diabetes generally has its onset on childhood and characteristic by severe insulin deficiency. Without insulin, diabetic will develop ketoacidosis (high level of ketone bodies in blood, causing low blood pH and possible hearth failure) and coma (caused by high level of blood glucose).
The non-insulin dependent form usually occur in obese people of age 40 or older. They have higher than normal level of insulin, although the insulin is less effective in lowering blood glucose than in diabetics and they are rarely develop ketoacidosis. This pattern is also seen in population that have recently adopted Western process-food diets. Some women developed elevated glucose level during pregnancy, called gestational diabetes, which disappear after they give bird but leave them with an increase risk of developing non-insulin dependent diabetes in the future.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A variety of methods may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. In the glucose tolerance test, for example, abnormal glucose metabolism is identified by having a patient who has fasted for 1.8 to 24 hours drink a concentrated solution o glucose; glucose concentration is then measured in blood and urine samples taken ½, 1, 2, and 3 hours after ingestion. The most reliable diagnostic methods detect a blood glucose concentration greater than 140 milligrams per deciliter (normal is 70-1900 mg/dl) after an overnight fast. Also, the presence of 64 K antibody has proved a good predictor of insulin dependent diabetes.
After the isolation of insulin by Frederick G. Banting and Charles Best in 1921, death from ketoacidosis and diabetic coma decreased dramatically. The prolonged life span revealed long-term complications, however, including kidney failure, atheroscierotic heart diseases, blindness, and disorders of the nervous system. These complications are believed to be related to elevated blood-glucose concentrations. The objective of diabetes treatment, therefore, is to restore blood glucose to normal. In obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics the treatment of choice is weigh loss. If this method does not suffice, then oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin is required. Oral hypoglycemic agent act primarily by stimulating the patient’s pancreas to secrete additional insulin.
Insulin-dependent diabetics traditionally have been treated with one or two daily injections of slowly absorbable insulin. This made of insulin therapy; however, result in poor control of the blood glucose. The mimic the closely linked changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations that occurs in healthy non-diabetics, new techniques for insulin is either injected with a syringe or infused using a small pump under the skin prior to each meal. Low insulin concentrations are maintained between meals by injecting a long-acting insulin preparation or by infusing insulin continuously. New forms of therapy, such as islet or pancreas transplantation, are aimed at normalizing glucose levels.
Type of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is doe to an inability of the Pancreas to secrete sufficient Insulin to maintain a normal blood-glucose concentration. Secondary diabetes results from damage to or removal of the pancreas. Primary diabetes, the most common type is probably caused by both environmental and genetic factors.
The insulin dependent from of primary diabetes generally has its onset on childhood and characteristic by severe insulin deficiency. Without insulin, diabetic will develop ketoacidosis (high level of ketone bodies in blood, causing low blood pH and possible hearth failure) and coma (caused by high level of blood glucose).
The non-insulin dependent form usually occur in obese people of age 40 or older. They have higher than normal level of insulin, although the insulin is less effective in lowering blood glucose than in diabetics and they are rarely develop ketoacidosis. This pattern is also seen in population that have recently adopted Western process-food diets. Some women developed elevated glucose level during pregnancy, called gestational diabetes, which disappear after they give bird but leave them with an increase risk of developing non-insulin dependent diabetes in the future.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A variety of methods may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. In the glucose tolerance test, for example, abnormal glucose metabolism is identified by having a patient who has fasted for 1.8 to 24 hours drink a concentrated solution o glucose; glucose concentration is then measured in blood and urine samples taken ½, 1, 2, and 3 hours after ingestion. The most reliable diagnostic methods detect a blood glucose concentration greater than 140 milligrams per deciliter (normal is 70-1900 mg/dl) after an overnight fast. Also, the presence of 64 K antibody has proved a good predictor of insulin dependent diabetes.
After the isolation of insulin by Frederick G. Banting and Charles Best in 1921, death from ketoacidosis and diabetic coma decreased dramatically. The prolonged life span revealed long-term complications, however, including kidney failure, atheroscierotic heart diseases, blindness, and disorders of the nervous system. These complications are believed to be related to elevated blood-glucose concentrations. The objective of diabetes treatment, therefore, is to restore blood glucose to normal. In obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics the treatment of choice is weigh loss. If this method does not suffice, then oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin is required. Oral hypoglycemic agent act primarily by stimulating the patient’s pancreas to secrete additional insulin.
Insulin-dependent diabetics traditionally have been treated with one or two daily injections of slowly absorbable insulin. This made of insulin therapy; however, result in poor control of the blood glucose. The mimic the closely linked changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations that occurs in healthy non-diabetics, new techniques for insulin is either injected with a syringe or infused using a small pump under the skin prior to each meal. Low insulin concentrations are maintained between meals by injecting a long-acting insulin preparation or by infusing insulin continuously. New forms of therapy, such as islet or pancreas transplantation, are aimed at normalizing glucose levels.
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
If you feel the symptoms like the below list, better check up to the doctor, you may have diabetes mellitus.
The symptoms:
- Often urinate at night
- Itches at outside of genitals
- Often become numb
- Quickly feel hungry and thirst
- Sex enthusiasm down
- Quickly feel tired and sleepy
- Body weight down
- Blurry eyesight often change spectacle
- Easily arise abscess
Mother bird with baby weight more than 4 kg.
Effects:
- Diabetes is one factor for getting hart attack
- Damage at vein causes the hemorrhage at brain due to high blood pressure.
- The annoying of kidney function.
- Complication at eye result blindness.
- Healing old ones so that result infection.
Monday, July 28, 2008
Six Serious Symptom Flu
Don't neglected if you have of the flu symptom which you might possibly included in serious symptom. If you are experience of this symptom immediately check to doctor for further handling.
The following are serious symptoms you should know:
- Difficult to breath
Besides nose stuffed up and generally muscle felt a pain, fever or flu do not ought to make you of difficult to breath and ill at chest. If this which you feel, this possible not merely simply symptom flu. Can possible other dissimilar disease like heart sickness, asthma, pneumonia or other diseases. In consequence immediately contact to doctor.
- Continuously Fever
If you experience of the continuous fever possibly any additional infection symptom inside your body which ought to immediately get treatment.
- Vomit and cannot detain to dehydration
In a state of heavy flu, body requires dilution to protect from dehydration. If difficult to take care of, better be direct to hospital to get direct injection.
- Feel Bitter to swallow
This flu symptom in fact is not ordinary. Although a few/little this inconvenient happened when you swallow can come from red lane pain, feel the likelier pain of infection symptom or other dissimilar ill which require getting the doctor treatment.
- Difficult Omitted Cough
Cough which does not want to go only resulted from by run dry after sick of red lane which is enough dosed with the antihistamine. But if coughing hold out to dive more than 2 until 3 weeks, checking to doctor can possible infection.
- Stuff up continuous and headache
Fever and allergy earn caused stuffed up and gagging of at sine can trigger the sine infection. If you experience of this matter, don't conduct the ordinary medication, go to doctor for the healing of with antibiotic.
Thursday, June 26, 2008
Rubella Virus or CMV
The story below is taken from a parent experience on facing their child when infect by Rubella Virus or CMV.
About 5 days before Idul Fitri of November 25, Lila start non-stop weaving and always want be carried on mothers back. If will get down or left alone then she clutch the strengths to clothes or shoulder, showing sign that she very fear to descend to floor, few days that is also very fear to certain TV show advertisement, fear to see of cat, chicken, and struggle to get loose if seen by others. She usually play by her self with her toys, and like to pursue the chicken, cat, etc.
Along Idul Fitri holyday in village, it is difficult to find doctor of child specialist. Finally 3 days after holiday, back to Bandung and directly body check up and doctor said there is no disparity but sprue in her mouth, so doctor only give vitamin and antibiotic.
The child still always fussy and don’t become better, back to Jakarta all medication and non-medication method have tried, but still don’t becoming better. When in home her voice like attribute to possession by an evil spirit. Longer her body thin progressively, but she never getting flu or cold, they don’t to check to doctor again. But the condition is worse and even totally disable.
The days is passing, on someday there are any information that there are a complete child hospital, those parent immediately bring her to the hospital on December 19. After checking everything then we stay in hospital. One day after the doctor ask for CT scan checking, and one day after check, doctor reported that her have became creasing of frontage and fore brain or called as atropi lobus fronto parietalis. According to doctor this brain trouble shares cause the motoric of hand and feet become palsied and blind eye.
What is its cause, doctor tell usually because infection by virus or can also disease degenerative. What is there possibility back to normal, doctor tell usually have healed most become the child idiot. After 5 days taken care in the hospital have never clear about what virus. Each time we ask to the nurse and doctor if have handled the disease like this they always tell, “this is a rare case".
After discussing with family and friend and get other hospital reference, she moved to MMC hospital on December 23. Then as usual doctor check up all condition urine and blood. The TORCH test result get on December 30, child positively get rubella virus contains 580 iu/ml. Helping by Professor Doctor of Virus get the receipt to cure this virus infection. Doctor said this virus is not coming from animal but adult flu can contain other kind of virus beside influenza.
On curing she never see to the left side, then doctor ask to check for brain mapping test in other hospital (HS). The result indicate that there are no contact from left or right brain anymore, it is mean that this child have totally blind.
The miracle happened to child, the eyes ball beginning move but don’t brain mapping test again, she can see, crying when left out of room. Arms, foot and neck can move and stronger, begin to play with the toy using hand. She tries to roll to left and right like a baby just bird. The baby is bird twice.
Doctor said, rubella virus or CMV will broke core nerve system and oftentimes the patient do not show of fever symptom or have a cold, but oftentimes like a person who get entering a devil spirit or like mad. At adult for example there is old male patient about 24 years of age, the eyes suddenly cross-eyed or patient that suddenly getting deft or blind. A young girl about 16 years, home from camping than suddenly totally disable a day after. After cure in many place then go to this hospital and after diagnose and test, have infected by Rubella Virus.
Now Lila have totally recover, even have become a doctor in Jakarta, HMM. Congratulation to you Lila.... I just writing of your story, hope can share this story to other and can become one of reference on medication diagnose consideration.
About 5 days before Idul Fitri of November 25, Lila start non-stop weaving and always want be carried on mothers back. If will get down or left alone then she clutch the strengths to clothes or shoulder, showing sign that she very fear to descend to floor, few days that is also very fear to certain TV show advertisement, fear to see of cat, chicken, and struggle to get loose if seen by others. She usually play by her self with her toys, and like to pursue the chicken, cat, etc.
Along Idul Fitri holyday in village, it is difficult to find doctor of child specialist. Finally 3 days after holiday, back to Bandung and directly body check up and doctor said there is no disparity but sprue in her mouth, so doctor only give vitamin and antibiotic.
The child still always fussy and don’t become better, back to Jakarta all medication and non-medication method have tried, but still don’t becoming better. When in home her voice like attribute to possession by an evil spirit. Longer her body thin progressively, but she never getting flu or cold, they don’t to check to doctor again. But the condition is worse and even totally disable.
The days is passing, on someday there are any information that there are a complete child hospital, those parent immediately bring her to the hospital on December 19. After checking everything then we stay in hospital. One day after the doctor ask for CT scan checking, and one day after check, doctor reported that her have became creasing of frontage and fore brain or called as atropi lobus fronto parietalis. According to doctor this brain trouble shares cause the motoric of hand and feet become palsied and blind eye.
What is its cause, doctor tell usually because infection by virus or can also disease degenerative. What is there possibility back to normal, doctor tell usually have healed most become the child idiot. After 5 days taken care in the hospital have never clear about what virus. Each time we ask to the nurse and doctor if have handled the disease like this they always tell, “this is a rare case".
After discussing with family and friend and get other hospital reference, she moved to MMC hospital on December 23. Then as usual doctor check up all condition urine and blood. The TORCH test result get on December 30, child positively get rubella virus contains 580 iu/ml. Helping by Professor Doctor of Virus get the receipt to cure this virus infection. Doctor said this virus is not coming from animal but adult flu can contain other kind of virus beside influenza.
On curing she never see to the left side, then doctor ask to check for brain mapping test in other hospital (HS). The result indicate that there are no contact from left or right brain anymore, it is mean that this child have totally blind.
The miracle happened to child, the eyes ball beginning move but don’t brain mapping test again, she can see, crying when left out of room. Arms, foot and neck can move and stronger, begin to play with the toy using hand. She tries to roll to left and right like a baby just bird. The baby is bird twice.
Doctor said, rubella virus or CMV will broke core nerve system and oftentimes the patient do not show of fever symptom or have a cold, but oftentimes like a person who get entering a devil spirit or like mad. At adult for example there is old male patient about 24 years of age, the eyes suddenly cross-eyed or patient that suddenly getting deft or blind. A young girl about 16 years, home from camping than suddenly totally disable a day after. After cure in many place then go to this hospital and after diagnose and test, have infected by Rubella Virus.
Now Lila have totally recover, even have become a doctor in Jakarta, HMM. Congratulation to you Lila.... I just writing of your story, hope can share this story to other and can become one of reference on medication diagnose consideration.
Sunday, June 22, 2008
Bird Flu
Flu Bird first time known in the year 1878 at chicken in Italian area, that is known as " fowl plague". At the moment famous bird influenza disease in some state come from poultry livestock. In the year 1955 cause of flu bird diseases are founded there are type A and now more knowledgeable for type H7. By the end of 1950, types of other poultry have high pathogen of flu bird disease identified as called of type H5. The happening of flu bird found at the time cause of poultry a lot die, selective amputation and at least communications among breeder.
Pathogenesis
Process of infection "flu bird" still be unclear. Known as virus duplication happened in channel of intestine and exhalation because this epitel cell organ can yield the important enzyme to split the hemaglutinin virus to be active. The type pathogen which dangerous have the sour addition of amino apart place causing apart hemaglutinin with the broader enzyme addition to all body. In general virus earns immediately insulation from cloaca, incubation gyrate period is from some hours until one week. This depended from dose inoculants, virulent, main age and its type. Infection "flu bird" is often bewildered with the mushroom attendance, and other virus infection (For example virus of New Castle Disease, mycoplasma or some important bacterium).
Opportunity
Complication can grow with the use of virus vaccine live and stress of poultry in their environment (For example ventilation and density).
Clinic Marking
Clinical marking from this flu bird virus vary depended of main factor attacked (for example type, age, gender, and its infection), also type of virus of environmental factor and influenza. Some virus can cause the dangerous disease in certain type and is not catching in other type, this virus generally don't have clinical marking like wild fowl.
Infection marking is inclusive of exhalation, enteric, reproduce and annoying of nervous system. Ordinary sign happened by depression, activity dropped, feed intake and emaciation dropped. Other clinical marking is the increasing of lacrimation, cyanosis’ or fur molt certain area for example at male, bloated lead and face, diarrhoea, cough, and muccous, the increasing of irrigate consumption, green chromatic diarrhoea or turn white, produce the egg down. This symptom is became can individual or combination with other.
Virus infected at egged chicken usually influence the exhalation disease, the increasing of mortality, and produce egg down. Some dead poultry sudden without known the cause or marking before. At the broiler chicken, marking look like depression, downhill of it feed intake, the increasing of mortality. Death happened by 24-58 hours after chicken infection or ill. Some chicken can heal in a few weeks epidemic of bird flu which latterly knock over some Asian state especially in Indonesia have generated the separate care of this disease coming from poultry this can be catch at human being till cause death.
Bird Flu Definition
Bird flu or avian influenza is because of influenza virus type A of type H5N1. H5N1 own two nature of rapidly shifting: antigenic shift and antigenic drift. H5N1 can mix with the ordinary influenza virus that infect human being. Infection happened because by direct contact with the poultry or poultry dirt which infection by flu bird.
Flu Bird virus Infection
Flu Bird can infect human being when human being direct contact with the chicken or poultry which infected by flu bird. Poultry which is infected also release this virus through their feces, later run dry and fall to pieces to become a kind of powder. This powder breathed in by human being or other animal. According to WHO, bird flu easy to infect from poultry to human being compared with from human being to human being. Single way of bird flu virus can disseminate easily from human being to human being if the virus bird flu have mutation and mixed with the virus of human being flu.
Symptom of bird flu at human being
Contagious human being of virus bird flu known with the symptom generally people incurred ordinary flu like head cold, fever with the unstable body temperature, cough, pain in bone, muscle, ill of red lane and asphyxia. If aggravation can generate the acute bronchi disease menaces of somebody soul.
Prevention Effort
Possible prevention on getting this disease is avoiding direct contact with chicken or poultry that is identifying infected by bird flu. All workers in ranch, seller, driver bringing poultry product are the most profession that risk incurred by this virus, in consequence suggested to clean the hand and take a bath used up work, leaving fatigue clothes at work and clean the dirt from poultry dirt every day.
Pathogenesis
Process of infection "flu bird" still be unclear. Known as virus duplication happened in channel of intestine and exhalation because this epitel cell organ can yield the important enzyme to split the hemaglutinin virus to be active. The type pathogen which dangerous have the sour addition of amino apart place causing apart hemaglutinin with the broader enzyme addition to all body. In general virus earns immediately insulation from cloaca, incubation gyrate period is from some hours until one week. This depended from dose inoculants, virulent, main age and its type. Infection "flu bird" is often bewildered with the mushroom attendance, and other virus infection (For example virus of New Castle Disease, mycoplasma or some important bacterium).
Opportunity
Complication can grow with the use of virus vaccine live and stress of poultry in their environment (For example ventilation and density).
Clinic Marking
Clinical marking from this flu bird virus vary depended of main factor attacked (for example type, age, gender, and its infection), also type of virus of environmental factor and influenza. Some virus can cause the dangerous disease in certain type and is not catching in other type, this virus generally don't have clinical marking like wild fowl.
Infection marking is inclusive of exhalation, enteric, reproduce and annoying of nervous system. Ordinary sign happened by depression, activity dropped, feed intake and emaciation dropped. Other clinical marking is the increasing of lacrimation, cyanosis’ or fur molt certain area for example at male, bloated lead and face, diarrhoea, cough, and muccous, the increasing of irrigate consumption, green chromatic diarrhoea or turn white, produce the egg down. This symptom is became can individual or combination with other.
Virus infected at egged chicken usually influence the exhalation disease, the increasing of mortality, and produce egg down. Some dead poultry sudden without known the cause or marking before. At the broiler chicken, marking look like depression, downhill of it feed intake, the increasing of mortality. Death happened by 24-58 hours after chicken infection or ill. Some chicken can heal in a few weeks epidemic of bird flu which latterly knock over some Asian state especially in Indonesia have generated the separate care of this disease coming from poultry this can be catch at human being till cause death.
Bird Flu Definition
Bird flu or avian influenza is because of influenza virus type A of type H5N1. H5N1 own two nature of rapidly shifting: antigenic shift and antigenic drift. H5N1 can mix with the ordinary influenza virus that infect human being. Infection happened because by direct contact with the poultry or poultry dirt which infection by flu bird.
Flu Bird virus Infection
Flu Bird can infect human being when human being direct contact with the chicken or poultry which infected by flu bird. Poultry which is infected also release this virus through their feces, later run dry and fall to pieces to become a kind of powder. This powder breathed in by human being or other animal. According to WHO, bird flu easy to infect from poultry to human being compared with from human being to human being. Single way of bird flu virus can disseminate easily from human being to human being if the virus bird flu have mutation and mixed with the virus of human being flu.
Symptom of bird flu at human being
Contagious human being of virus bird flu known with the symptom generally people incurred ordinary flu like head cold, fever with the unstable body temperature, cough, pain in bone, muscle, ill of red lane and asphyxia. If aggravation can generate the acute bronchi disease menaces of somebody soul.
Prevention Effort
Possible prevention on getting this disease is avoiding direct contact with chicken or poultry that is identifying infected by bird flu. All workers in ranch, seller, driver bringing poultry product are the most profession that risk incurred by this virus, in consequence suggested to clean the hand and take a bath used up work, leaving fatigue clothes at work and clean the dirt from poultry dirt every day.
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Prevention Getting HIV
Preventing from getting HIV by avoiding behaviors that might result in contact with infected blood, need more intensive attention on this advise below:
- Never practice sex along your live or always use a condom during sexual activity, unless you are in a relationship with one partner and don't try with illegal partner.
- Don't try have sex with someone who has HIV, it is very effective on prevent getting Aids.
- Reduce your number of sex partners is bad but avoid numbers of sex partner is better, preferably to one partner.
- Talk with your sex partner or partners about their sexual history, as well as your own sexual history. Find out whether your partner has engaged in high-risk behaviors.
- Avoid alcohol and drugs, because drug and alcohol is close to bad relationship.
- Do not share intravenous (IV) needles, syringes, cookers, cotton, cocaine spoons, or eyedroppers with others if you use drugs.
If you are HIV-positive (infected with HIV) or better don't engage in sex or needle-sharing with someone who could be infected with HIV, take precautions to avoid spreading the infection to others. You must much of pray to God because HIV can't pretend for long time.
- Tell to your doctor or partners about your behavior and whether you are HIV positive.
- There in no guarantee safe sex practices for partner, even using condoms.
You must close to you God so can understand for not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs, or body tissues. - You also must be patient for not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys, that may be contaminated with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.
- An HIV-infected pregnant woman can prevent or reduce the risk of spreading HIV to her baby if she takes the medicine zidovudine (ZDV, formerly AZT) during pregnancy and if she does not breast-feed her baby. The baby should also receive ZDV after birth.
Thursday, May 15, 2008
Blood Diseases
Anemia
Anemia is a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, generally caused by blood loss; abnormal destruction of the red cells, as in Sickle-cell disease; or inadequate red cells formation by the bone marrow, as in a plasmatic anemia and pernicious anemia. Anemia also occurs as a result of methermoglobinemia, a disorder in which methemoglobin, a nonfunctional form of hemoglobin, is present in the red cells.
In some persons, the concentration of red cells and of hemoglobin in the blood may be abnormally increased, rather than decreased, resulting in polycythemia. This is usually caused by an increased production of red cells, but in some persons it may be caused by a decreased volume of plasma.
Neutropenia
Deficiency of circulating granulocytes with poor resistance to infection, may occur in many diseases. One common cause is the use of X rays and toxic drugs to treat many malignant diseases.
Leukemia
A great increase in abnormal leukecytes may occur for unknown reasons, resulting in the diseases known as the leukemias. These range from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which a person may live form many years, to devastating acute leukemia, often causing death within month.
Thrombocytopenia
The number of platelets can severely decrease, with danger of bleeding. Perhaps the most common cause of platelet deficiency, or thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune disease related to autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The difference is that, in these cases, the body produces antibodies that attack only the platelets.
Hemophilia
Deficiencies of one or more of the plasma coagulation factors may also cause abnormal bleeding. The existence of many of the clothing factors was recognized only when persons were found who lacked such a factor. The best known such bleeding disorder is Hemophilia.
Thromboembolic Diseases
Abnormal clotting in the blood vessels, known as thromboembolic disease, may be caused by an excess of one or more of the plasma clothing factors, or at times to a deficiency of one of the fibrinolytic factors. This group of disorders is one of the most common causes of death in middle aged and elderly persons.
Anemia is a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, generally caused by blood loss; abnormal destruction of the red cells, as in Sickle-cell disease; or inadequate red cells formation by the bone marrow, as in a plasmatic anemia and pernicious anemia. Anemia also occurs as a result of methermoglobinemia, a disorder in which methemoglobin, a nonfunctional form of hemoglobin, is present in the red cells.
In some persons, the concentration of red cells and of hemoglobin in the blood may be abnormally increased, rather than decreased, resulting in polycythemia. This is usually caused by an increased production of red cells, but in some persons it may be caused by a decreased volume of plasma.
Neutropenia
Deficiency of circulating granulocytes with poor resistance to infection, may occur in many diseases. One common cause is the use of X rays and toxic drugs to treat many malignant diseases.
Leukemia
A great increase in abnormal leukecytes may occur for unknown reasons, resulting in the diseases known as the leukemias. These range from the chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which a person may live form many years, to devastating acute leukemia, often causing death within month.
Thrombocytopenia
The number of platelets can severely decrease, with danger of bleeding. Perhaps the most common cause of platelet deficiency, or thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune disease related to autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The difference is that, in these cases, the body produces antibodies that attack only the platelets.
Hemophilia
Deficiencies of one or more of the plasma coagulation factors may also cause abnormal bleeding. The existence of many of the clothing factors was recognized only when persons were found who lacked such a factor. The best known such bleeding disorder is Hemophilia.
Thromboembolic Diseases
Abnormal clotting in the blood vessels, known as thromboembolic disease, may be caused by an excess of one or more of the plasma clothing factors, or at times to a deficiency of one of the fibrinolytic factors. This group of disorders is one of the most common causes of death in middle aged and elderly persons.
Thursday, May 1, 2008
Skin Diseases
The skin is subject to many disorders. They occur through the direct action of external agents or as symptoms of disease in other parts of the body. Susceptibility to skin disorders is modified and sometimes determinate by generic factors.
Lesions
The appearance of abnormal changes, or lesions, in the skin is an important element in diagnosis and treatment. Various lesions can occur, not all of them diseases related. A flat lesion of a color differing from surrounding skin is called a Freckle. A papule is a solid, elevated by superficial mass, such as a raised Mole or a Wart. A wheal is a transitory lesion resulting from an allergic response, such as to an insect bite. A nodule is a solid mass that extends deeper, such as in certain tumors and cysts. A vesicle is a tiny blister filled with clear fluid, such as in early chicken pox. A bulla is a large blister, most often seen as the result of a coloration caused by deposits of blood or blood pigments within the skin.
The appearance of such lesions may be modified by secondary changes. These include scales or flakes of dead skin, as seen in Psoriasis and Dandruff; crusts, typically dried masses of material that have oozed out as in impetigo; fissures, or sharp breaks, as seen in athlete's foot; Ulcers, or destruction of one or more skin layers, exposing underlying tissue replacing lost tissue; and lichenification, a thickened scaly area in which normal skin creases and lines are exaggerated. Lesions may be seen in several different lesions.
Malignant Tumors
Any metastasizing tumor from else where in the body may appear in the skin. Many malignant tumors also originate in the skin. Four should be mentioned. Basal cell carcinoma may originate from basal cells of the epidermis. It almost never metastasizes, and it is easily cured. Squamous cell carcinoma does metastasize. Both tumors are common, especially in the elderly and in those overexposed to the Sun. Malignant melanoma derives from the same embryonic nervous tissue that produces moles. Finally, the once rare tumor called Kaposi's sarcoma has become more frequent because of AIDS.
Lesions
The appearance of abnormal changes, or lesions, in the skin is an important element in diagnosis and treatment. Various lesions can occur, not all of them diseases related. A flat lesion of a color differing from surrounding skin is called a Freckle. A papule is a solid, elevated by superficial mass, such as a raised Mole or a Wart. A wheal is a transitory lesion resulting from an allergic response, such as to an insect bite. A nodule is a solid mass that extends deeper, such as in certain tumors and cysts. A vesicle is a tiny blister filled with clear fluid, such as in early chicken pox. A bulla is a large blister, most often seen as the result of a coloration caused by deposits of blood or blood pigments within the skin.
The appearance of such lesions may be modified by secondary changes. These include scales or flakes of dead skin, as seen in Psoriasis and Dandruff; crusts, typically dried masses of material that have oozed out as in impetigo; fissures, or sharp breaks, as seen in athlete's foot; Ulcers, or destruction of one or more skin layers, exposing underlying tissue replacing lost tissue; and lichenification, a thickened scaly area in which normal skin creases and lines are exaggerated. Lesions may be seen in several different lesions.
Malignant Tumors
Any metastasizing tumor from else where in the body may appear in the skin. Many malignant tumors also originate in the skin. Four should be mentioned. Basal cell carcinoma may originate from basal cells of the epidermis. It almost never metastasizes, and it is easily cured. Squamous cell carcinoma does metastasize. Both tumors are common, especially in the elderly and in those overexposed to the Sun. Malignant melanoma derives from the same embryonic nervous tissue that produces moles. Finally, the once rare tumor called Kaposi's sarcoma has become more frequent because of AIDS.
Friday, April 25, 2008
Tapeworm
A tapeworm is a ribbonlike colony of parasitic flatworms, of the class Cestoda, that infest humans and other vertebrate animals. Species that most commonly infest humans are the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, the pork tapeworm, T. sollium and the fish tapeworm, Dibothriocephalus latus.
The tapeworm head (scolex) has hooks or suckers used to attack the parasite to the host’s intestinal lining. The “body” is composed of segments (proglottids) which are separate, sexually functional individuals that can synchronize their muscular activity to keep the colony mobile.
An addult pork tapeworm lives in the intestines of humans, folding itself in accordion style to fit its long body into small spaces. A pork tapeworm, which grows up to 10 m (33 ft) long, can live in the small intestine, which is 6 m (20 ft) long. Humans get tapeworms by eating poorly cooked pork that is infested with tapeworm eggs.
Younger proglottids have testes; are the worm get older, the testes shrivel up and are replaced by ovaries and a uterus. Proglottids having male sex organs release sperm that travel to the older proglottids and fertilize the eggs.
Proglottids that contain developing embryos break away and are excreted with feces. Larvae develop and, if the waste matter is eaten by an animal, become dormant and encrysted in the animals muscle tissue. Humans eating poorly cooked animal meat can then ingest the encrysted larvae. Adult tapeworm infestations can be eliminated with chemotherapy. Humans, however, can also serve as intermediary hosts, the larvae forming cyst up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter in the brain, lungs, liver, or other organs. Such infection can only be treated surgically, if at all.
The tapeworm head (scolex) has hooks or suckers used to attack the parasite to the host’s intestinal lining. The “body” is composed of segments (proglottids) which are separate, sexually functional individuals that can synchronize their muscular activity to keep the colony mobile.
An addult pork tapeworm lives in the intestines of humans, folding itself in accordion style to fit its long body into small spaces. A pork tapeworm, which grows up to 10 m (33 ft) long, can live in the small intestine, which is 6 m (20 ft) long. Humans get tapeworms by eating poorly cooked pork that is infested with tapeworm eggs.
Younger proglottids have testes; are the worm get older, the testes shrivel up and are replaced by ovaries and a uterus. Proglottids having male sex organs release sperm that travel to the older proglottids and fertilize the eggs.
Proglottids that contain developing embryos break away and are excreted with feces. Larvae develop and, if the waste matter is eaten by an animal, become dormant and encrysted in the animals muscle tissue. Humans eating poorly cooked animal meat can then ingest the encrysted larvae. Adult tapeworm infestations can be eliminated with chemotherapy. Humans, however, can also serve as intermediary hosts, the larvae forming cyst up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter in the brain, lungs, liver, or other organs. Such infection can only be treated surgically, if at all.
Monday, April 21, 2008
Headache
Plain that occurs over various parts of the head is called a headache. It is one of the humankind's most common afflictions. In the United State alone, up to 50 million persons seek medical help for this problem every year, and about half a billion dollars is spent on headache remedies annually. Headache also as sign of will getting some diseases like flu or cough.
Most headaches are caused not by organic disease but by fatigue, emotional disorders, or allergies. Intermittent tension headache are caused by worry, anxiety, overwork or inadequate ventilation. The most common type a chronic tension headache, is often caused by depression. Only about 2 % of all headaches result from organic disorders, including diseases of the eye, ear, nose, throat, and sinuses; brain tumors; hypertension and aneurysm (the ballooning of an artery, brought about by a weakness in an artery wall).
Brain tissue itself is insensitive to pain, as is the bony covering of the brain (the cranium). Headache pain results from the stimulation of such pain-sensitive structures as the membranous linings of the brain (the meninges) and the nerves of the cranium and upper neck. This stimulation can be produced by inflammation, by the dilation of blood vessels of the head, or by muscle spasms in the neck and head. Headache brought on by muscle spasms are classified as tension headaches; those caused by the dilation of blood vessel are called vascular headaches. The major groupings of headaches besides those brought on by organic disorders are Tension Headaches and Vascular Headaches.
Almost 90% of all persons seeking medical help for headaches suffer from tension headaches. These are characterized by a diffuse ache that either spreads over the entire head of feels a tight headband.
The most common types of vascular headache are migraine and cluster headaches, for which no known cure exist. About 60% of all migraine sufferers are women, and most patients first develop symptoms between the ages of 10 and 30. In approximately 30% of all cases, migraine attacks are preceded by warning signs such as blind spots, zigzag flashing lights, numbness in parts of the body, and distorted visual images.
Migraine pain almost always occurs on only one side and is usually accompanied by nausea. Factors that may trigger migraine attacks include stress, fatigue, changes in the whether, fasting, menstruation, certain drugs, and foods that contain substances that affect the blood vessels. Many migraine patients have family histories of the problem.
Most headaches are caused not by organic disease but by fatigue, emotional disorders, or allergies. Intermittent tension headache are caused by worry, anxiety, overwork or inadequate ventilation. The most common type a chronic tension headache, is often caused by depression. Only about 2 % of all headaches result from organic disorders, including diseases of the eye, ear, nose, throat, and sinuses; brain tumors; hypertension and aneurysm (the ballooning of an artery, brought about by a weakness in an artery wall).
Brain tissue itself is insensitive to pain, as is the bony covering of the brain (the cranium). Headache pain results from the stimulation of such pain-sensitive structures as the membranous linings of the brain (the meninges) and the nerves of the cranium and upper neck. This stimulation can be produced by inflammation, by the dilation of blood vessels of the head, or by muscle spasms in the neck and head. Headache brought on by muscle spasms are classified as tension headaches; those caused by the dilation of blood vessel are called vascular headaches. The major groupings of headaches besides those brought on by organic disorders are Tension Headaches and Vascular Headaches.
Almost 90% of all persons seeking medical help for headaches suffer from tension headaches. These are characterized by a diffuse ache that either spreads over the entire head of feels a tight headband.
The most common types of vascular headache are migraine and cluster headaches, for which no known cure exist. About 60% of all migraine sufferers are women, and most patients first develop symptoms between the ages of 10 and 30. In approximately 30% of all cases, migraine attacks are preceded by warning signs such as blind spots, zigzag flashing lights, numbness in parts of the body, and distorted visual images.
Migraine pain almost always occurs on only one side and is usually accompanied by nausea. Factors that may trigger migraine attacks include stress, fatigue, changes in the whether, fasting, menstruation, certain drugs, and foods that contain substances that affect the blood vessels. Many migraine patients have family histories of the problem.
Thursday, April 17, 2008
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disorder involving inflammation of the liver. Symptom include loss of appetite, dark urine, fatigue, and sometimes fever. The liver may become enlarged, and Jaundice may occur, giving the skin a yellow tinge. Hepatitis may be acute or chronic. The acute form can subside after about two months or, rarely can result in live failure. Chronic carriers are at risk of lasting liver disease.
Hepatitis A formerly infectious hepatitis, is the most common cause of acute hepatitis. Usually transmitted by food and water contaminated by human waste, epidemics can develop in regions with poor sanitary systems. Hepatitis B spreads mainly by blood or blood products but can be transmitted from mother to fetus or by sexual intercourse. It is resistant to hospital sterilization. It may cause an initial episode of liver disease and occasionally leads to chronic hepatitis. Both A and B are spreading among drug users.
Doctors often encountered hepatitis caused by an unknown virus, labeled non-A, non-B. Now called hepatitis C, the most common form of viral hepatitis, it is transmitted in blood and blood products, which we bow screen for the virus, and may be present for many years before causing liver damage. Hepatitis C are serious public-health threat, is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis. Delta hepatitis is caused by a very small Retrovirus that requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus in order to replicate.
Acute hepatitis may arise secondary to various infections that involve the liver. It can also occur through ingestion of carbon tetrachloride, the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, arsenic, and certain drugs, including sulfonamides. Mild hepatitis can be caused by two forms of Herpes virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus.
Mild causes of acute hepatitis are treated with bed rest. In forms involving extensive liver damage, blood-exchange transfusions may be necessary. Chronic hepatitis leads to Cirrhosis and liver damage. Type B virus and certain drugs cause a small percentage of cases, but the cause of most occurrences is unknown, delta virus maybe responsible for some of the relapses observed in patients with chronic hepatitis of nonviral origin, but their prolonged use in treating hepatitis B is not effective and may even hasten liver damage. In 1990 Alpha interferon was found effective in curing patients with hepatitis B. This drug is used to treat hepatitis C, although there is still no cure for this type of infection. Vaccines for type B virus are available, but they are costly.
Friday, April 4, 2008
AIDS and HIV Virus
AIDS is abbreviation from Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, virus infection that is called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), this virus will causing degrading body impenetrability. This disease can contagious through sex relation, but can contagious by contacting to patient blood. Not every person who infection by HIV will be incurred symptom of disease aids, that representing of end phase of HIV infection. Aids disease can not be healed yet and will cause the death in 2 years.
Symptoms:
- There is no symptom clearly, may years.
- Once infection of HIV virus, patient will bring the HIV in its blood and cannot be contagious to others and patient can become incurred by AIDS bay maybe don't incurred by AIDS.
HIV middle infection:
- Recurring flue symptom repeatedly ( drawn, fever, sweating, muscle ill, magnification of spleen gland and cough)
- Mouth and skin infection repeatedly (sprue), or other symptom and general infection repeatedly due to degrade body impenetrability.
AIDS final phase:
- Body weight down swiftly.
- Chronic Diarrhea.
- Cough, short breath, lung/pneumocystis carnie, extended tuberculosis.
Young rose or purple colored abscess or fleck (skin cancer that is called sarcoma caposy)
Headache, confuse the (brain infection)
Causes:
- HIV infection cause by sex contact through vagina or anal, contact with blood (through hypodermic needle, pregnant, blood transfusion, organ transplantation)
- Check to doctor.
- Avoid the crowded places and disease attack.
- Don't make sex activity, and avoid pregnant.
- Don't do blood or organ donor.
Doctor Acts:
- Blood check for HIV antibody and give advice as needed, and give a motivation to the patient and all relatives.
- Curing infection symptom if any.
- Giving antivirus recipe to pursue fast infection.
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