Thyroid Gland

The thyroid, and endocrine gland, synthesizes stores and secretes two hormones, thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T₄), and triiodothyronine (T₃), that are chemically related and important to human growth and metabolism. Located below the larynx (voice box), the thyroid's two lobes occurs on either side of the wind-pipe, connected by an isthmus (band of tissue). The gland is composed of many hollow sacs (follicles) filled with colloid (a gelatin material), which contains thyroglobulin, the storage form of the hormones. Essential to the synthesis of the hormones is inorganic iodide, which diffuses from citonin of calcitonin, acts against excessive levels of calcium in the blood and against the effects of parathyroid hormone on bone resorption.

Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, from the anterior pituitary. In turn the resultant increase in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood serves to signal the pituitary to stop releasing the thyrotropin. This haemostatic mechanism keeps the level of thyroid hormones in the circulatory system within a constant range. A lack of thyroid function in infants causes cretinism, whereas a loss or low levels of the thyroid hormones later in life result in hypothyroidism, or myxedema and possibly Goiter. Over production of the hormones, or hyperthyroidism, also may result in goiter.

Thyroid Function Test

A thyroid function test measures the efficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine production by the thyroid gland. These two thyroid hormones which contain iodine, regulate body metabolism. If the hormones are deficient, as in the condition called myxedema, metabolism is slowed down. If they are in excess, as in exophthalmic Goiter, metabolism is accelerated. The oldest method of measuring thyroid function is the determination of the basal metabolic rate, or BMR. The relationship of the BMR to thyroid hormone levels, however, is indirect and inexact. The BMR test has thus been superseded by such test as the radiation method, which measures the rate at which injected radioactive iodine become concentrated in the thyroid gland. This rate is directly related to the rate of thyroid hormone synthesis. Other test include measurement of the competitive protein binding of thyroxine, serum thyroxine, the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine in blood and urine, and triiodothyronine estimations.

Thymus Gland

The thymus is a vascular organ of the lymphatic system situated just behind the breastbone. The human thymus continuous to grow for about a year after birth, reaching a weight of about 42 g; this size is maintained until puberty. After puberty the lymphatic tissue is replaced by fat, but the thymus remains functional throughout life.

The main function of thymus is to process lymphocytes received from the blood producing bone marrow and fetal liver. These cells proliferate and differentiate in the thymus into thymic lymphoid cells called T cells, each one programmed for the number of antigens to which it will react. In humans the cellular immune system requires the presence of the thymus at birth; this system allows the body to recognize foreign, that is "non self" tissue and to attack malignant cells, viral infection, fungal infection, and some bacteria. Little is known of the factors and processes of thymic function. The importance of the thymus to the human immune system, however, is readily demonstrated in some patients with congenital thymic deficiency states by the restoration of immunological responsiveness after fetal thymus graft.

The thymus gland is an organ of the lymphatic system, which protect the body against infection. Located behind the sternum, near the heath and lungs, it is well supplied with blood vessel. Its two main lobes are each subdivided into numerous lobules; a network of delicate connective tissue holds the lobes together. Within each lobule are two zones of tissue, inner zones called the cortex and an outer zone called the medulla. The cortex is composed of lymphocytes, while blood cells that produced antibodies and attack bacteria; this lymphocytes are packed into a fiber structure called a reticulum. The medulla has a more cellular reticulum and contains thymic corpuscles, which are concentric clusters of epithelial cells enclosing a core of granular cells. The function of these corpuscles is not yet understood. The thymus is most active during fetal and childhood growth. Its main function appearing to be the production of lymphocytes and the destruction of defective lymphocytes. The thymus may also secrete a hormone that influence the response of lymphocytes for foreign tissue. After puberty the thymus slowly degenerates.

Tapeworm

A tapeworm is a ribbonlike colony of parasitic flatworms, of the class Cestoda, that infest humans and other vertebrate animals. Species that most commonly infest humans are the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, the pork tapeworm, T. sollium and the fish tapeworm, Dibothriocephalus latus.

The tapeworm head (scolex) has hooks or suckers used to attack the parasite to the host’s intestinal lining. The “body” is composed of segments (proglottids) which are separate, sexually functional individuals that can synchronize their muscular activity to keep the colony mobile.

An addult pork tapeworm lives in the intestines of humans, folding itself in accordion style to fit its long body into small spaces. A pork tapeworm, which grows up to 10 m (33 ft) long, can live in the small intestine, which is 6 m (20 ft) long. Humans get tapeworms by eating poorly cooked pork that is infested with tapeworm eggs.

Younger proglottids have testes; are the worm get older, the testes shrivel up and are replaced by ovaries and a uterus. Proglottids having male sex organs release sperm that travel to the older proglottids and fertilize the eggs.

Proglottids that contain developing embryos break away and are excreted with feces. Larvae develop and, if the waste matter is eaten by an animal, become dormant and encrysted in the animals muscle tissue. Humans eating poorly cooked animal meat can then ingest the encrysted larvae. Adult tapeworm infestations can be eliminated with chemotherapy. Humans, however, can also serve as intermediary hosts, the larvae forming cyst up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter in the brain, lungs, liver, or other organs. Such infection can only be treated surgically, if at all.

Headache

Plain that occurs over various parts of the head is called a headache. It is one of the humankind's most common afflictions. In the United State alone, up to 50 million persons seek medical help for this problem every year, and about half a billion dollars is spent on headache remedies annually. Headache also as sign of will getting some diseases like flu or cough.

Most headaches are caused not by organic disease but by fatigue, emotional disorders, or allergies. Intermittent tension headache are caused by worry, anxiety, overwork or inadequate ventilation. The most common type a chronic tension headache, is often caused by depression. Only about 2 % of all headaches result from organic disorders, including diseases of the eye, ear, nose, throat, and sinuses; brain tumors; hypertension and aneurysm (the ballooning of an artery, brought about by a weakness in an artery wall).

Brain tissue itself is insensitive to pain, as is the bony covering of the brain (the cranium). Headache pain results from the stimulation of such pain-sensitive structures as the membranous linings of the brain (the meninges) and the nerves of the cranium and upper neck. This stimulation can be produced by inflammation, by the dilation of blood vessels of the head, or by muscle spasms in the neck and head. Headache brought on by muscle spasms are classified as tension headaches; those caused by the dilation of blood vessel are called vascular headaches. The major groupings of headaches besides those brought on by organic disorders are Tension Headaches and Vascular Headaches.

Almost 90% of all persons seeking medical help for headaches suffer from tension headaches. These are characterized by a diffuse ache that either spreads over the entire head of feels a tight headband.

The most common types of vascular headache are migraine and cluster headaches, for which no known cure exist. About 60% of all migraine sufferers are women, and most patients first develop symptoms between the ages of 10 and 30. In approximately 30% of all cases, migraine attacks are preceded by warning signs such as blind spots, zigzag flashing lights, numbness in parts of the body, and distorted visual images.

Migraine pain almost always occurs on only one side and is usually accompanied by nausea. Factors that may trigger migraine attacks include stress, fatigue, changes in the whether, fasting, menstruation, certain drugs, and foods that contain substances that affect the blood vessels. Many migraine patients have family histories of the problem.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a disorder involving inflammation of the liver. Symptom include loss of appetite, dark urine, fatigue, and sometimes fever. The liver may become enlarged, and Jaundice may occur, giving the skin a yellow tinge. Hepatitis may be acute or chronic. The acute form can subside after about two months or, rarely can result in live failure. Chronic carriers are at risk of lasting liver disease.

Hepatitis A formerly infectious hepatitis, is the most common cause of acute hepatitis. Usually transmitted by food and water contaminated by human waste, epidemics can develop in regions with poor sanitary systems. Hepatitis B spreads mainly by blood or blood products but can be transmitted from mother to fetus or by sexual intercourse. It is resistant to hospital sterilization. It may cause an initial episode of liver disease and occasionally leads to chronic hepatitis. Both A and B are spreading among drug users.

Doctors often encountered hepatitis caused by an unknown virus, labeled non-A, non-B. Now called hepatitis C, the most common form of viral hepatitis, it is transmitted in blood and blood products, which we bow screen for the virus, and may be present for many years before causing liver damage. Hepatitis C are serious public-health threat, is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis. Delta hepatitis is caused by a very small Retrovirus that requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus in order to replicate.

Acute hepatitis may arise secondary to various infections that involve the liver. It can also occur through ingestion of carbon tetrachloride, the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, arsenic, and certain drugs, including sulfonamides. Mild hepatitis can be caused by two forms of Herpes virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus.

Mild causes of acute hepatitis are treated with bed rest. In forms involving extensive liver damage, blood-exchange transfusions may be necessary. Chronic hepatitis leads to Cirrhosis and liver damage. Type B virus and certain drugs cause a small percentage of cases, but the cause of most occurrences is unknown, delta virus maybe responsible for some of the relapses observed in patients with chronic hepatitis of nonviral origin, but their prolonged use in treating hepatitis B is not effective and may even hasten liver damage. In 1990 Alpha interferon was found effective in curing patients with hepatitis B. This drug is used to treat hepatitis C, although there is still no cure for this type of infection. Vaccines for type B virus are available, but they are costly.

Baby with Two Faces

Siam Twin Baby:
The Process of ovum fission could be overcome before the ovum being fertilized, so that can yield the twin baby. In the case of baby Siam twin can caused by fission process happened imperfect and ovum already fertilized.

This happening also just happen on the story below:

A baby with two faces was born in a northern Indian village, where she is doing well and is being worshipped as the reincarnation of a Hindu goddess, her father said Tuesday.
The baby, Lali, apparently has an extremely rare condition known as craniofacial duplication, where a single head has two faces. Except for her ears, all of Lali's facial features are duplicated -- she has two noses, two pairs of lips and two pairs of eyes.
"My daughter is fine -- like any other child," said Vinod Singh, 23, a poor farm worker

The pregnant Body

A woman's body undergoes a variety of changes to prepare for the growth, nourishment, and birth of a child.





First Semester

An early sign of pregnancy is the cessation of menses, which occurs due to the rising levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone produced by the placenta. This trimester is characterized by various discomforts, including nausea and vomiting, (so called morning sickness), increased frequency of urination due to pressure of the enlarging uterus on the bladder, and breast soreness or tingling due to hormonal stimulation.

Second Trimester
Increasing abdominal girth and pressure from the growing uterus can lead to constipation. Normal intermittent uterine contractions, called Braxton-Hicks contractions, may occur. The mother may experience lightheadedness and may even faint due to the effects of the hormones on the blood vessels and the amount of blood diverted to the uterus, placenta, and fetus. Heartburn becomes an increasing problem because of the increasing pressure on the stomach by the enlarging uterus and delayed emptying of the stomach.

Third Trimester

The last weeks of pregnancy become increasingly uncomfortable. Headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose vein, and swelling of the legs may occur. Shortness of breath is common due to the enlarged uterus, which prevents full expansion of the lungs. In the last days of gestation increased pelvic discomfort develops, caused by the dropping of the fetal head into the pelvis. False labor pains, or contractions of the uterus that do not lead to progressive dilatation, or opening, of the cervix, often occur.

Prenatal Care

Women who receive prenatal care have fewer complications of pregnancy and birth and have healthier babies. Also the earlier and more consistently the care is received, the better the outcome. Education about pregnancy and child rearing is an important part of prenatal care, as are detection and treatment of risk to the mother and fetus are inherent in the provision of prenatal care. In fact, the best time to assess many of these risks is before a woman conceives. Therefore, it is becoming popular for women to receive preconception care while still planning a pregnancy.

Pregnancy and Birth

Pregnancy is a normal physiologic process that begins with conception, follows through development and growth of the fetus and delivery, and ends with return to a fully normal state approximately 6 weeks after birth. Pregnancy causes physiologic changes in the mother's bodily functions to allow for growth and development of the fetus. For the fetus, pregnancy is a time of dependency on the mother for nutrition and thus, exposure to whatever agents to which the mother is exposed. Although a healthy pregnancy is normal for the majority of women, for some there may be complications that can lead to adverse outcome for the mother or the fetus.

The average biological length of human gestation from conception to delivery, is 266 days. Due to the difficulty in assessing the exact date of conception, however, the clinical length of pregnancy is considered to be 280 days, or 40 weeks, calculated from the last normal menstrual period before the cessation of menses, or menstrual flow. This calculation assumes that ovulation occurs 14 days after the last menstrual period. Human gestation a further divided into trimesters, each of which lasts slightly more than 13 weeks.

Fetal Development

After the ovum, or egg, is fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized ovum becomes implanted in the uterus.

First Trimester

Most fetal development, with the exception of such complex functions as brain development, occurs in the first trimester. The hart begins to beat after 4 weeks. By 8 weeks, the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes are easily recognizable, and male or female reproduction systems have differentiated.

By 12 weeks, all of the recognizable organs have developed. During hese first weeks the fetus is most vulnerable to potential teratogenic, or birth-detect-inducing agents, such as drugs, radiation, and viruses. Drugs taken in by mother during the first weeks can be of particular harm.

Second Trimester

During the second trimester, thin walled skin to be formed in the bone to function, and blood begins to be formed in the bone marrow. In addition, scalp hair appears, subcutaneous fat increases, and bone start to harden. The fetus begins to move in the first trimester, and at about 20 weeks gestation the mother can perceive the movements, the onset of which is called "quickening."

Third Trimester

The majority of fetal weight gain occurs in the third trimester. Ear lobes begin to develop cartilage, testes start to descend into the scrotum, nails begin to grow over the tips of the digits, and creases develop over the soles of the feet. In addition, the fetus begins to demonstrate coordinated pattern of behavior.

The mother and fetus are physiologically connected via placenta, which filter oxygen and nourishment from the mother's blood to the baby via the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the fetus to the mother.

AIDS and HIV Virus

AIDS is abbreviation from Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, virus infection that is called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), this virus will causing degrading body impenetrability. This disease can contagious through sex relation, but can contagious by contacting to patient blood. Not every person who infection by HIV will be incurred symptom of disease aids, that representing of end phase of HIV infection. Aids disease can not be healed yet and will cause the death in 2 years.

Symptoms:

•  There is no symptom clearly, may years.
• Once infection of HIV virus, patient will bring the HIV in its blood and cannot be contagious to others and patient can become incurred by AIDS bay maybe don't incurred by AIDS.

HIV middle infection:

• Recurring flue symptom repeatedly ( drawn, fever, sweating, muscle ill, magnification of spleen gland and cough)
• Mouth and skin infection repeatedly (sprue), or other symptom and general infection repeatedly due to degrade body impenetrability.

AIDS final phase:

• Body weight down swiftly.
• Chronic Diarrhea.
• Cough, short breath, lung/pneumocystis carnie, extended tuberculosis.

Young rose or purple colored abscess or fleck (skin cancer that is called sarcoma caposy)

Headache, confuse the (brain infection)

Causes:

• HIV infection cause by sex contact through vagina or anal, contact with blood (through hypodermic needle, pregnant, blood transfusion, organ transplantation)

You should do:

• Check to doctor.
• Avoid the crowded places and disease attack.
• Don't make sex activity, and avoid pregnant.
• Don't do blood or organ donor.

Doctor Acts:

• Blood check for HIV antibody and give advice as needed, and give a motivation to the patient and all relatives.
• Curing infection symptom if any.
• Giving antivirus recipe to pursue fast infection.

Hepar and Limpha

Hepar can get virus attack like Hepatitis A or C. This virus actually always exist in this nature, but the strength of our antibody sometimes down and make this virus more active. What the disease that often attact this organ will discuss more detail in the right subtitle.

Gum Abscess

You can feel with your finger if there is a bloated gum and pain, sometime have released matter. Sometime heal but recurrence later.

Common Cause

This Abscess cause by infection at top grow on the tooth or tooth around bloated gum or infection, or both. If not cured can cause swelling in face shares.

What you can do?

Ø Take medicine anti pain if needed and don't bitten upon part of ill tooth.

Ø Use the warm salt water to gargle (put salt into warm water and hushed just in ill mouth shares) every finish eating to clean those shares.

Ø As soon as check to the dentist.

Dentist Act for You

Ø For toot infection, the infection sack has to be cleaned.

Ø It depends on the infection weight, may be necessary treatment tooth root.

Ø At extreme case, needing antibiotic and possible require to be abstracted.

Ø At the apical infection (root of tooth), needing treatment tooth root if tooth can be saved.