If your age is running about 40 to 50 years, you will feel this help for your healthy. This condition is varying from many people, if you done a regular sport or physical activity, your health will better and your body system still good. This condition always happens to old people, being worse metabolism system. For old people their body can’t absorb mineral as maximize as the body need again. So, old people body will work more extra to get the same concentration of mineral, protein and vitamin.
Older people, worse body metabolism system, this is a natural law for every body. It’s mean that your body can’t work as normally. When you walk away to the hot day, last time may be you just drink fresh water, or eat a fresh watermelon, and then your body will back to normal. But now you may be always feel dizzy if you go in a hot day even you have much of drink. This mean that your body is weaken than before.
To overcome this condition, many people use supplement to help their condition work to normal from along ago. Many supplements have offer on the market and have many purposes for certain condition. But if you are not too old or this condition is the beginning for you, I suggested that you try to eat good C vitamin, I say good because many C vitamin with low grade quality and this will not help your condition. For normal people C vitamin will absorb or get from their food, fruit or meal. But for old people their body can’t absorb optimum for this vitamin and always less.
C vitamin is need by our body to help metabolism system to process our food into substance that need by our body cell. If your body is always less of C vitamin then your health also going bad and easy get diseases. If your have a diseases you need medicine and vitamin. But don’t consume C vitamin excessively, because you just need for a little, and the excess will exert through the kidney. If you consume C vitamin excessively then your kidney will work too hard and this is not good for your kidney, like the machine our body also have maximum capacity.
Showing posts with label Body Organ. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Body Organ. Show all posts
Thursday, September 4, 2008
Sunday, June 8, 2008
Liver
The liver, an organ found in all vertebrates, is the largest organ in the human body, it is a spongy, reddish brown gland that lies just below the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. It serves to metabolize Carbohydrates and store them as glycogen; metabolize lipids (fats, including cholesterol and certain vitamins) and proteins manufacture a digestive fluid, blue, filter impurities and toxic material from the blood; produce blood clothing factors; and destroy old, worn-out red blood cells.
Two large lobes, the right and the left, make up most of the liver; attached to the right lobe are the smaller quadrate and caudate lobes. The lobes are made up of lobules six sided cells arranged around blood vessels, bile ducts, lymph vessels, and nerves. Certain recticuloen-dothelial cells line these lobules and play a role in immunity.
Approximately three sides of each cell are in contact with a blood vessel, and three are adjacent to a bile duct. The bile manufactured by each lobule passes down a common duct, which connects to larger ducts that lead to the common hepatic duct. This ducts that lead to the common hepatic duct. This duct joint with the cystic duct of the Callbladder and enters the duodenum along with the pancreatic duct of Wirsung. In the intestines bile salts aid in emulsifying fats and enhancing the metabolism of fats and proteins.
The liver is a highly vascular tissue. It receives 25 percent of its blood from a hepatic artery. The other 75 percent of the blood supply comes from the portal vein, which transport digested nutrients and hormones from the intestines, hormones from the pancreas, and old red blood cells and bilirubin, a component of bile, from the spleen. Blood leaves the liver by the inferior vena cava, which goes to the heart.
The liver able to regenerate itself after being injured or diseased; if, however, a disease progresses beyond the tissue's capacity to regenerate new cells, the body's entire metabolism is severely affected. Two common liver diseases are Hepatitis (inflammation of the lobules) and Cirrhosis, or a scarring of the lobules. Many disorders can affect the liver and Kupffer cells, and the bile ducts. Bile consists of such substances as lecithin, blue salts, and cholesterol, the last two of which can form Gallstones under certain conditions and result in obstruction of bile ducts. Jaundice, a yellow skin discoloration, is a symptom of a variety of liver disorders. Liver cancer is fairly rare but generally incurable. Severely impaired livers are sometimes replaced.
Two large lobes, the right and the left, make up most of the liver; attached to the right lobe are the smaller quadrate and caudate lobes. The lobes are made up of lobules six sided cells arranged around blood vessels, bile ducts, lymph vessels, and nerves. Certain recticuloen-dothelial cells line these lobules and play a role in immunity.
Approximately three sides of each cell are in contact with a blood vessel, and three are adjacent to a bile duct. The bile manufactured by each lobule passes down a common duct, which connects to larger ducts that lead to the common hepatic duct. This ducts that lead to the common hepatic duct. This duct joint with the cystic duct of the Callbladder and enters the duodenum along with the pancreatic duct of Wirsung. In the intestines bile salts aid in emulsifying fats and enhancing the metabolism of fats and proteins.
The liver is a highly vascular tissue. It receives 25 percent of its blood from a hepatic artery. The other 75 percent of the blood supply comes from the portal vein, which transport digested nutrients and hormones from the intestines, hormones from the pancreas, and old red blood cells and bilirubin, a component of bile, from the spleen. Blood leaves the liver by the inferior vena cava, which goes to the heart.
The liver able to regenerate itself after being injured or diseased; if, however, a disease progresses beyond the tissue's capacity to regenerate new cells, the body's entire metabolism is severely affected. Two common liver diseases are Hepatitis (inflammation of the lobules) and Cirrhosis, or a scarring of the lobules. Many disorders can affect the liver and Kupffer cells, and the bile ducts. Bile consists of such substances as lecithin, blue salts, and cholesterol, the last two of which can form Gallstones under certain conditions and result in obstruction of bile ducts. Jaundice, a yellow skin discoloration, is a symptom of a variety of liver disorders. Liver cancer is fairly rare but generally incurable. Severely impaired livers are sometimes replaced.
Tuesday, June 3, 2008
Type of Cells
Several major types of animal cells may be distinguished, including absorptive, secretor, nerve, sensory, muscle, and reproductive cells. All must arise during morphogenesis from cells that are less differentiated.
Absorptive Cells
Absorptive cells often occur as continuous sheet on surfaces where material is transported to the cells. For example, the single layer of epithelial cells lining the surface of the small intestines selectively absorbs, food molecules from the gut into the blood stream. These cells have a free surface that is in contact with the capillaries. The free surface is covered with many projection called microvilli, which vastly increase the area available for molecular flow. In digestion, the products of the ingested food are transported through the microvilli into the cell. They are then pumped into the capillaries from the other side. Similar cells are found in the kidney. The microvilli are example of a cell structure precisely fitted to the function of the cell. Because of an absorptive cell needs maximum area for transport, the shape of the cell surface is altered to achieved the optimum transfer of molecules.
Secretor Cells
Secretor cells produce products that are subsequently deposited in either the bloodstream or a special duct to an organ, where they are used. The pancreas and pituitary are glands that have large number of secretor cells. Protein and other cell products are synthesized throughout the cytoplasm and transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are packed into a membrane bonded vesicle that come to a cell's surface and discharge the secretion outside the cell.
Monday, June 2, 2008
Lipid Distribution and Function
The term lipid describes a group of biological compounds that are insoluble in water but are relatively soluble in many organic solvent.
Lipid can be classified in three subgroups based on chemical composition; hydrocarbon, simple lipids and complex lipids contain C, H, and O. Complex lipid contain one or more additional elements, such as phosphorous (P), nitrogen (N), or sulfur (S).
Simple lipid can be aggregated into structural types, which are fatty acid is a long chain monocarboxylic acid. A wax is the ester of a long chain alcohol and a fatty acid. A triglyceride is the ester of a glycerol that contains tree FA molecules. Sterols are a special class of alcohols; they may combine with a fatty acid to form sterol esters.
Among the complex lipids, important structural types are phosphoglyceridas, phosphosphingolipids, and glycolipids. The parent phosphoglyceride, phosphatidic acid (PA), is similar in structure to triglyceride except that the 3-hydroxyl group of the glycerol moiety is esterified to phosphoric acid rather than to FA. Further esterification of the phosphoric acid of PA with a variety of small, hydroxyl containing molecules leads to a series of derived phosphoglycerides, including phospphatidyl choline (PC), commonly known as lecithin, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE).
The phosphosphingolipids are derived from sphingosine. The formation of an amide with an FA with the 2-position yield ceramide. Esterification of the 1-hydroxyl of ceramide with phosphosphingolipid. If the 1-hydroxyl group of ceramide is linked instead to a simple sugar, a cerebroside glycolipid is formed. The further addition of several amino sugars yields more complex glycolipids, the gangliosides.
Lipid Distribution and Function
Lipids are found in all organism as structural components of the cell membrane. In most animals the major membrane lipids are lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and a sterol, cholesterol. Cell membranes of the central nervous system contain, in additional to the above, shingmyelin, cerebrosides, and gangliosides. In higher plant membranes, lecithin and PE predominate, although phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and phosphatidyl inositol (PI), know as phytosterols, are commonly present.
Bacterial membranes are unique in that lecithin is rarely present and sterols are completely absent; PE and PG are usually the major lipids.
Although triglycerides are not important membrane lipids, they are stored in most animals and plants as a metabolic energy reserve. In vertebrate TG is located in adipose (fat) tissue. In insect TG is concentrated in a specific fat body that fuction both as a depot and as a center of triglyceride metabolism. In higher plant TG is found in the seeds of most plants and is the source of most vegetable oils. In a few plant such as avocado, the palm and the olive, the fruit also contains large amount of triglycerides.
Lipids have a number of specialized functions. In mammals subcutaneous fat retards loss of body heat. Hydrocarbons and waxes on insect cuticle, as well as on plant leaves and fruit, aid in water retention. Certain cyclic FA, the prostaglandins, are involve in blood clotting and hormonal responses in mammals, and a veriety of other FA derivatives serve as sex attractants and growth regulators in insects. Sex hormones and the adrenal corticoids of higher animals are lipids derived from cholesterol. Essential dietery lipids includes certain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the vitamins A, D, E and K.
Lipid can be classified in three subgroups based on chemical composition; hydrocarbon, simple lipids and complex lipids contain C, H, and O. Complex lipid contain one or more additional elements, such as phosphorous (P), nitrogen (N), or sulfur (S).
Simple lipid can be aggregated into structural types, which are fatty acid is a long chain monocarboxylic acid. A wax is the ester of a long chain alcohol and a fatty acid. A triglyceride is the ester of a glycerol that contains tree FA molecules. Sterols are a special class of alcohols; they may combine with a fatty acid to form sterol esters.
Among the complex lipids, important structural types are phosphoglyceridas, phosphosphingolipids, and glycolipids. The parent phosphoglyceride, phosphatidic acid (PA), is similar in structure to triglyceride except that the 3-hydroxyl group of the glycerol moiety is esterified to phosphoric acid rather than to FA. Further esterification of the phosphoric acid of PA with a variety of small, hydroxyl containing molecules leads to a series of derived phosphoglycerides, including phospphatidyl choline (PC), commonly known as lecithin, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE).
The phosphosphingolipids are derived from sphingosine. The formation of an amide with an FA with the 2-position yield ceramide. Esterification of the 1-hydroxyl of ceramide with phosphosphingolipid. If the 1-hydroxyl group of ceramide is linked instead to a simple sugar, a cerebroside glycolipid is formed. The further addition of several amino sugars yields more complex glycolipids, the gangliosides.
Lipid Distribution and FunctionLipids are found in all organism as structural components of the cell membrane. In most animals the major membrane lipids are lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and a sterol, cholesterol. Cell membranes of the central nervous system contain, in additional to the above, shingmyelin, cerebrosides, and gangliosides. In higher plant membranes, lecithin and PE predominate, although phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and phosphatidyl inositol (PI), know as phytosterols, are commonly present.
Bacterial membranes are unique in that lecithin is rarely present and sterols are completely absent; PE and PG are usually the major lipids.
Although triglycerides are not important membrane lipids, they are stored in most animals and plants as a metabolic energy reserve. In vertebrate TG is located in adipose (fat) tissue. In insect TG is concentrated in a specific fat body that fuction both as a depot and as a center of triglyceride metabolism. In higher plant TG is found in the seeds of most plants and is the source of most vegetable oils. In a few plant such as avocado, the palm and the olive, the fruit also contains large amount of triglycerides.
Lipids have a number of specialized functions. In mammals subcutaneous fat retards loss of body heat. Hydrocarbons and waxes on insect cuticle, as well as on plant leaves and fruit, aid in water retention. Certain cyclic FA, the prostaglandins, are involve in blood clotting and hormonal responses in mammals, and a veriety of other FA derivatives serve as sex attractants and growth regulators in insects. Sex hormones and the adrenal corticoids of higher animals are lipids derived from cholesterol. Essential dietery lipids includes certain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the vitamins A, D, E and K.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
Blood and the Type
Blood is the essential red fluid that is pumped by the heart trough the circulatory system of humans and all higher animals. It is complex in its composition and its functions. Blood has two main constituents. The cells, or corpuscles, comprise about 45 percent, and the liquid portion, or plasma, in which the cells are suspended comprises 55 percent. The blood cells comprise three main types, each with specific functions; red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are tiny, round, biconcave disks averaging7.5 microns (0.003 in) in diameter. A normal 76.5 kg (170-lb) main has about 5 l (5.3 qt) of blood, containing more than 25 trillion red cells. Because the normal life span of red cells is only about 120 days, more than 200 billion cells are normally destroyed each day by the spleen and must be replaced. Red cells are made in the bone marrow.
The main function of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue. Oxidations of various food substances to supply most of the energy requirements of the body results in carbon dioxide, one of the chief waste products, and red blood cells carry it to the lungs for release and to pick up more oxygen.
The substance in the red blood cells that is largely responsible for their ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide is hemoglobin, the material that gives the cells their red color. Produced in the bone marrow and broken down in the spleen, it is a protein complex comprising many linked amino acids, and occupies almost the entire volume of a red blood cell. Essential to its structure and function is iron.
Blood Typing
The cell wall contains many antigenic proteins, which determine the blood type. Among these proteins are the antigens. A and B, the major blood group factors. Blood with antigen B is group B. Blood with both antigens is called AB, and blood with neither is called group O. Normally, the plasma of every person contains an antibody against the A or B antigens in the red cells are determined by mixing the cells with known typing serums. The antibodies in the serum or plasma are determined by mixing it with cells of known A or B type. Such typing is necessary in preparation for blood transfusion. Antigens of the various Rh and Hr types, M and N, S and Kell, Duffy, and many others also exist in the red blood cell. All like the A and B antigens, are inherited. When the red cell antigens are determined, they show so many different combinations as to make a persons blood type almost as individual as a fingerprint.
Antibodies against antigens other than A and B do not normally occurs in the plasma. They may appear after transfusion, however, and may cause transfusion reactions and destruction of red blood cells or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are tiny, round, biconcave disks averaging7.5 microns (0.003 in) in diameter. A normal 76.5 kg (170-lb) main has about 5 l (5.3 qt) of blood, containing more than 25 trillion red cells. Because the normal life span of red cells is only about 120 days, more than 200 billion cells are normally destroyed each day by the spleen and must be replaced. Red cells are made in the bone marrow.
The main function of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue. Oxidations of various food substances to supply most of the energy requirements of the body results in carbon dioxide, one of the chief waste products, and red blood cells carry it to the lungs for release and to pick up more oxygen.
The substance in the red blood cells that is largely responsible for their ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide is hemoglobin, the material that gives the cells their red color. Produced in the bone marrow and broken down in the spleen, it is a protein complex comprising many linked amino acids, and occupies almost the entire volume of a red blood cell. Essential to its structure and function is iron.
Blood Typing
The cell wall contains many antigenic proteins, which determine the blood type. Among these proteins are the antigens. A and B, the major blood group factors. Blood with antigen B is group B. Blood with both antigens is called AB, and blood with neither is called group O. Normally, the plasma of every person contains an antibody against the A or B antigens in the red cells are determined by mixing the cells with known typing serums. The antibodies in the serum or plasma are determined by mixing it with cells of known A or B type. Such typing is necessary in preparation for blood transfusion. Antigens of the various Rh and Hr types, M and N, S and Kell, Duffy, and many others also exist in the red blood cell. All like the A and B antigens, are inherited. When the red cell antigens are determined, they show so many different combinations as to make a persons blood type almost as individual as a fingerprint.
Antibodies against antigens other than A and B do not normally occurs in the plasma. They may appear after transfusion, however, and may cause transfusion reactions and destruction of red blood cells or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Saturday, April 26, 2008
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid, and endocrine gland, synthesizes stores and secretes two hormones, thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), that are chemically related and important to human growth and metabolism. Located below the larynx (voice box), the thyroid's two lobes occurs on either side of the wind-pipe, connected by an isthmus (band of tissue). The gland is composed of many hollow sacs (follicles) filled with colloid (a gelatin material), which contains thyroglobulin, the storage form of the hormones. Essential to the synthesis of the hormones is inorganic iodide, which diffuses from citonin of calcitonin, acts against excessive levels of calcium in the blood and against the effects of parathyroid hormone on bone resorption.
Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, from the anterior pituitary. In turn the resultant increase in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood serves to signal the pituitary to stop releasing the thyrotropin. This haemostatic mechanism keeps the level of thyroid hormones in the circulatory system within a constant range. A lack of thyroid function in infants causes cretinism, whereas a loss or low levels of the thyroid hormones later in life result in hypothyroidism, or myxedema and possibly Goiter. Over production of the hormones, or hyperthyroidism, also may result in goiter.
Thyroid Function Test
A thyroid function test measures the efficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine production by the thyroid gland. These two thyroid hormones which contain iodine, regulate body metabolism. If the hormones are deficient, as in the condition called myxedema, metabolism is slowed down. If they are in excess, as in exophthalmic Goiter, metabolism is accelerated. The oldest method of measuring thyroid function is the determination of the basal metabolic rate, or BMR. The relationship of the BMR to thyroid hormone levels, however, is indirect and inexact. The BMR test has thus been superseded by such test as the radiation method, which measures the rate at which injected radioactive iodine become concentrated in the thyroid gland. This rate is directly related to the rate of thyroid hormone synthesis. Other test include measurement of the competitive protein binding of thyroxine, serum thyroxine, the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine in blood and urine, and triiodothyronine estimations.
Thymus Gland
The thymus is a vascular organ of the lymphatic system situated just behind the breastbone. The human thymus continuous to grow for about a year after birth, reaching a weight of about 42 g; this size is maintained until puberty. After puberty the lymphatic tissue is replaced by fat, but the thymus remains functional throughout life.
The main function of thymus is to process lymphocytes received from the blood producing bone marrow and fetal liver. These cells proliferate and differentiate in the thymus into thymic lymphoid cells called T cells, each one programmed for the number of antigens to which it will react. In humans the cellular immune system requires the presence of the thymus at birth; this system allows the body to recognize foreign, that is "non self" tissue and to attack malignant cells, viral infection, fungal infection, and some bacteria. Little is known of the factors and processes of thymic function. The importance of the thymus to the human immune system, however, is readily demonstrated in some patients with congenital thymic deficiency states by the restoration of immunological responsiveness after fetal thymus graft.
The thymus gland is an organ of the lymphatic system, which protect the body against infection. Located behind the sternum, near the heath and lungs, it is well supplied with blood vessel. Its two main lobes are each subdivided into numerous lobules; a network of delicate connective tissue holds the lobes together. Within each lobule are two zones of tissue, inner zones called the cortex and an outer zone called the medulla. The cortex is composed of lymphocytes, while blood cells that produced antibodies and attack bacteria; this lymphocytes are packed into a fiber structure called a reticulum. The medulla has a more cellular reticulum and contains thymic corpuscles, which are concentric clusters of epithelial cells enclosing a core of granular cells. The function of these corpuscles is not yet understood. The thymus is most active during fetal and childhood growth. Its main function appearing to be the production of lymphocytes and the destruction of defective lymphocytes. The thymus may also secrete a hormone that influence the response of lymphocytes for foreign tissue. After puberty the thymus slowly degenerates.
Wednesday, April 2, 2008
Hepar and Limpha
Hepar can get virus attack like Hepatitis A or C. This virus actually always exist in this nature, but the strength of our antibody sometimes down and make this virus more active. What the disease that often attact this organ will discuss more detail in the right subtitle.
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