Steroid Hormones

The annual value of bulk steroids produced in the United States increases continually. Steroids used in medicine may be divided into the major classes of corticoids, anabolic androgents, progestational hormones, and estrogenic hormones. Most of those sold and used in medicine today are produced synthetically and are not naturally occurring steroids at all, but chemical modifications of them. There are, for example, at least 16 different so-called corticoids on the market (not counting their various esters and salts), only two of which cortisone and hydrocortisone are identical with those found in nature.

 

In medicine corticoids are perhaps more widely used than steroids of other types. They are used particularly in rheumatic diseases, in inflammatory conditions of the skin, and in allergic conditions. Other uses are in menstrual irregularities, menopouse, and control of fertility and conception. There are many other indications for the use of steroids in medicine; in renal and cardiovascular diseases, in certain types of cancer, and in various types of stress reaction.

 

Outline of synthesis from soya, which contains the steroid nucleus:

 

Crude soya sterols -----> stigmasterol ------> progesterone

 

Progesterone is converted in high yield to the key for most of these sequences, 11-α-hydroxyprogesterone, by aerobic fermentation with a mold, such as Rhizopus arrhizus. Another fermentation step which enters into the synthesis of Medrol, Alphadrol. Oxylone, and other steroids, which have a double bend between C₁ and C₂ is dehydrogenation with a Septomyxa species. The folowing chart depicts briefly the various direction in which the key intermediate may be carried.

 

Other commercial processes for steroid hormone syntheses are based on bile acid and the plant steroid diosgenin from a Mexican yam.

 

Pregnancy Test

A pregnancy test determined if a living embryo or fetus is present within a woman’s body. It is often used in conjunction with such presumptive signs of pregnancy as cassation of menstrual periods, morning sickness, breast tenderness, and urinary frequency. Pregnancy test generally measure a circulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), produced by pregnancy tissue and present in the urine and blood of pregnant women.

Early tests were based on the injection of urine potentially containing HCG into frog or rabbits to determine any effect of HCG. Such biologic assays have been replaced by more accurate methods that measure HCG levels in urine or blood. The urine pregnancy test (immunoassay) determines if the level of HCG is consistent with known pregnancy levels and is usually positive two weeks after conception or several days after a missed menstrual period. Widely available home pregnancy tests use an immunoassay for HCG with generally accurate results. A blood test (radioimmunoassay) is a more sensitive test that can detect minute quantities of HCG. This test can be positive within days of conception and before a missed period.

Pregnancy test, in addition to diagnosing pregnancy, are also used to asses the viability of pregnancy, or the presence of tubal pregnancy. HCG can also be produced by some tumors, in which case pregnancy tests can be used as a marker of tumor activity.

With new radioimmunoassay techniques, false negative test are uncommon. The most common cause of false negative test is advanced pregnancy, because HCG values tend to decrease during the course of gestation. False positive test may occur, possibly due to certain medications, or by such clinical situations as incomplete miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and tumor.

Buah Merah of Irian Jaya

Buah merah or Red Fruit is believed can cured Aids. Although experts have been trying for years to make AIDS drugs to cure remain only medicine still has not been found. You may feel alone does not believe the red fruit savor this one. But to savor red fruit is the best cure for AIDS. One of a clutch free from death due to AIDS is Agustina Sawery.

Agustina Sawery had decreased body weight from 50 kg to be 27 kg. He has an infection anus, liver disfunction, bercendawan mouth and lung infection. It appears that Agustina live just waiting to die. Then he came to Drs I Made Budi MS. That is already known broadly Made in Papua because often treat diseases such as cancer with red fruit extracts. Then Agustina is given red fruit extracts consumed three times a day.

Since consume red fruit started the situation improved. Body weight that had to be down to 27 kg starts increased to 46 kg. The skin is scale up at the beginning changed to normal back. Indian hair that had begun to grow again. Agustina become much more in shape.

So the world will looking for Irian Jaya of Indonesia that is not just rich of mineral but also rich of natural medicine from their forest. Untill now this fruit can't be cultivated out of the forest, may be someday will be possible to move to other place that can be cultivated to make more produce and valueable for human beeing.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis generally refers to inflammation of mucous membranes of the panasal sinuses, which are bone cavities located in the skull near the nose. They include the frontal sinuses, located above the orbits of the eyes; the maxillary sinuses, located in the cheekbones; and the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, located behind the nose. All of these sinuses drain mucus into the nose sults from an infection or an allergy. Infection is caused by the introduction of bacteria through interconnecting channels and is accompanied by pain and tenderness. Chronic sinusitis may be infective, allergic, or a combination of these forms.

Maxillary sinusitis often occurs after a cold or after swimming in contaminated water. Occasionally, extraction of a molar tooth will break the floor of the maxillary sinus, leaving an opening through which bacteria can enter and cause sinusitis. Frontal sinusitis usually is accompanied by localized headache, surface tenderness, and, occasionally, swelling of the eyelids. Sphenoid sinusitis often causes blurring of vision because of the proximity of this sinus the optic nerves.

The proximity of these sinuses to the brain makes all paranasal sinusitis potentially dangerous. The usual treatment is with antibiotics, although surgical procedures are sometimes necessary to facilitate drainage and relieve pressure.

Goiter Disease

Goiter is the gloated of thyroid gland that can caused by many problem. Thyroid gland in a normal condition is not visible from outside, is the gland like H letter, located in front of neck below the throat (Adam’s apple). Thyroid gland is functioned to produce a thyroid hormone that is controlled the body metabolism, and control the body development and improvement in order be a normal conditions.

 

If there is an abnormal condition on the body metabolism, this thyroid gland will getting infection like lessen of Iodium mineral, the thyroid can be gloated and sometime became as big as hand’s grasp.

Symptom of Goiter Gloated:

• There is a gloated on front of neck gradually, and forming bump ever bigger for longer.
• Normally is not feeling of sick.

Complications:

• Hypothyroidism, is the conditions which the thyroid hormone production become lessen.
• Difficult to breath or swollen, because the goiter become bigger and press the throat and red lane in the neck.
• Thyrotocsicosis, but seldom happened.
• Thyroid cancer seldom happened.
• Cretin, happen in endemic area.

Causes:

• Auto-immune, where the body is excrete antibody that attack of specific substance on that network. The true mechanism is not known exactly. This type goiter is only founded in women.
• Many drugs uses that are pressed the thyroid hormone production.
• Lessen of Iodium because of diet or from drink water. In certain area like in mountain, water source contains no Iodium, and 20% of its resident suffering of goiter. This condition is called as goiter endemic.